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31,456 Article Results

Design of a soft circular patch antenna operating in the 60 GHz band for 5G/6G applications

10.12928/telkomnika.v23i4.26722
Salah-Eddine; Sidi Mohamed Ben Abdellah University Didi , Imane; LSEED Laboratory Halkhams , Abdelhafid; Sidi Mohamed Ben Abdellah University Es-Saqy , Mohammed; Sidi Mohamed Ben Abdellah University Fattah , Said; Sidi Mohamed Ben Abdellah University Mazer , Moulhime; Sidi Mohamed Ben Abdellah University El Bekkali
5G/6G technologies require higher-performance antennas in terms of bandwidth, gain, radiation, compact size, efficiency, and low cost. At the same time, fewer natural disturbances, such as rain and snow, and fewer non-natural disturbances. This is the challenge facing scientific research into antenna design and manufacture. In addition, in this paper we study and design a flexible circular microstrip patch antenna operating in the 60 GHz band for 5G/6G applications. This antenna is based on a biosourced substrate for industrial, scientific, and medical applications. For this study, we will use two techniques: one concerns the deformation of the ground plane deformation of the ground plane and substrate to improve the electrical performance of a proposed antenna. At the same time, the other is the parametric study of the appropriate position of a coaxial feed probe. This technique has the advantage of requiring no radiation contrition on the part of the coaxial probe. Next, specialized high-frequency structure simulator (HFSS) simulation software is used to design this antenna; it has a wide bandwidth above 3 GHz, a gain of 7.41 dB, a directivity of 7.53 dB, a radiated power of 13.55 dBm, an accepted power of 13.67 dBm, an incident power of 15.08 dBm, a radiation efficiency of 97.29 % and an efficiency of 98.4 %.
Volume: 23
Issue: 4
Page: 1120-1127
Publish at: 2025-08-01

Grid search vs Bayesian optimization for intensity scoring classification and channel recommendation prediction

10.12928/telkomnika.v23i4.26341
Kelly; Universitas Multimedia Nusantara Mae , Dinar; Universitas Multimedia Nusantara Ajeng Kristiyanti
Technological advancement has spurred financial technology growth, transforming traditional financial operations into digital. Peer-to-peer (P2P) lending is a key fintech solution offering online loans, though it struggles with repayment issues due to customer financial instability. To overcome these challenges, XYZ is a startup that focuses on enhancing the efficiency of collections and communication with customers. XYZ necessitates the implementation of a collection intensity scoring (CIS) model and a prediction model for interaction on recommended communication channels in order to optimize the collection process. This study evaluates the performance of grid search and Bayesian optimization on random forest (RF) classification models and K-nearest neighbors (KNN) regressor prediction models. RF and KNN regressor algorithms optimization are necessary to enhance their performance in CIS classification and channel recommendation prediction. The research stages follow the cross industry standard process-data mining (CRISP-DM) framework, which consists of business understanding, data understanding, data preparation, modeling, and evaluation. The model performance is assessed by accuracy and mean absolute error (MAE). The results of this study show that Bayesian optimization surpasses grid search, enhancing the accuracy of the RF model to 98.34% and reducing the MAE of the KNN regressor model to 0.24530.
Volume: 23
Issue: 4
Page: 1020-1031
Publish at: 2025-08-01

Energy scavenging-aided NOMA uplink communications: performance analysis

10.12928/telkomnika.v23i4.26822
Huu; Industrial University of Ho Chi Minh City Q. Tran , Khuong; Ho Chi Minh City University of Technology (HCMUT) Ho-Van
Energy scavenging-aided nonorthogonal multiple access (NOMA) networks significantly ameliorate energy-and-spectral efficiencies thanks to superimposing a multitude of user signals for concurrent transmission and harvesting radio frequency energy. Practically, energy harvesters possess non-linear characteristic and their efficiency is enhanced considerably with deployment of multiple antennas. Moreover, communication reliability and harvested energy are directly influenced by wireless propagation which induces simultaneous effects of shadowing, path loss, and fading. Accordingly, the current paper assesses analytically outage probability and throughput of energy scavenging (ES)-aided NOMA uplink communications (eNOMAu) taking into account the above-addressed realistic factors (κ − µ shadowed fading, multi-antenna deployment, ES nonlinearity). The results reveal considerable performance degradation caused by ES non-linearity and wireless propagation. Additionally, desired system performance can be reached flexibly with appropriate specification selection. In addition, accreting a quantity of antennas drastically mitigates the outage probability of eNOMAu, which can be minimized with optimal ES time selection. Furthermore, the proposed eNOMAu is considerably superior to its eOMAu counterpart.
Volume: 23
Issue: 4
Page: 918-931
Publish at: 2025-08-01

Exploring women’s leadership success in inclusive leadership in Islamic higher education: integrating Big Five personality and Islamic values

10.11591/ijere.v14i4.33282
Muhammad Ghafar , Anis Hidayatul Imtihanah , Jamaluddin Shiddiq , Hestu Wilujeng , Noor Zinatul Hamidah
This study integrates the dimensions of the Big Five personality traits with an Islamic perspective (Shiddiq or truthfulness; Amanah or trustworthiness; Tabligh or conveying; and Fathonah or wisdom) to explore the success of women’s leadership. The main problem underlying this study is the lack of understanding of the influence of Islamic values on personality characteristics that support the success of women’s leadership in Islamic higher education (IHE) through an inclusive leadership approach. The relevance of this study lies in the importance of identifying personality factors and religious values that can improve the effectiveness of women’s leadership in Islamic educational environments. Quantitative research using a survey method with partial least squares-structural equation modelling (PLS-SEM) analysis on 111 respondents consisting of stakeholders in three IHEs in Indonesia using structured questionnaires as a data collection technique. The main findings indicate that Islamic values, such as Shiddiq and Amanah have a significant positive influence on personality characteristics such as conscientiousness (CON) and agreeableness (AGR), which have a direct impact on the success of women’s inclusive leadership. The conclusion of this study underscores the importance of leadership training programs that focus on the integration of Islamic values and personality characteristics to strengthen women's inclusive leadership skills.
Volume: 14
Issue: 4
Page: 3009-3017
Publish at: 2025-08-01

Advancing semiconductor integration: 3D ICs and Perylene-N as superior liner material for minimizing TSV clamour coupling

10.11591/ijict.v14i2.pp605-613
Pradyumna Kumar Dhal , Murkur Rajesh , Shaik Hussain Vali , Sadhu Radha Krishna , Malagonda Siva Kumar , Vempalle Rafi
The semiconductor industry faces substantial challenges with planar integration (2D ICs), prompting a significant shift towards vertical IC integration, known as three-dimensional IC (3D ICs). This deliberate slant not only amplifies bandwidth and boosts system action but also effectively reduces power consumption through scaling. 3D ICs intricately coordinate IC chips by vertically stacking them and establishing electrical connections using through silicon vias (TSVs). TSV clamour coupling emerges as a critical factor influencing system performance, particularly between signalcarrying TSVs (ETSV) and victim TSVs. This study showcases significant advancements in electrical integrity by effectively minimizing clamour coupling from TSVs to the silicon substrate. This is achieved through the application of CMOS-compatible dielectric materials as liner structures. Various proposed structures have been meticulously analyzed across an assortment of parameters, encompassing electrical signals and high frequencies. Moreover, the study rigorously investigates clamour coupling across different types of TSVs, including ETSV, thermal TSV (TTSV), and heat sources. Perylene-N emerges as a standout performer among the tested liner materials, demonstrating superior clamour coupling performance across all proposed models, even at higher frequencies such as THz. In this study a novel dielectric material Perylene-N compared with the conventional SiO2 (silicon dioxide). Notably, Perylene-N exhibited a remarkable 33 dB improvement in noise coupling performance at terahertz (THz) frequencies. The results were thoroughly verified and validated in the research work.
Volume: 14
Issue: 2
Page: 605-613
Publish at: 2025-08-01

Design of a concurrent tri-band LNA based on composite right/left-handed transmission line resonators

10.12928/telkomnika.v23i4.26816
Faycal; Moulay Ismail University El Hardouzi , Mohammed; Moulay Ismail University Lahsaini , Mustapha; Moulay Ismail University Bahich , Badr; Moulay Ismail University Nasiri , Younes; Moulay Ismail University Achaoui
This article presents a three-band low noise amplifier (LNA) in microstrip technology based on composite right left handed transmmision line (CRLH TL) resonators for multi-band behavior, which has been designed to meet all the criteria that determine the quality of its operation. The transistor used is biased via a transmission line and matched by λ/4 transformer filters with CRLH-TL type resonators at the output to establish multiband behavior with improved band rejection to suppress unwanted frequencies and interference. The results demonstrate excellent performance at three frequencies: 900 MHz (15.03 dB gain), 2.1 GHz (13.58 dB gain), and 3.5 GHz (12.57 dB gain), with a noise figure below 2 dB and unconditional stability. The size of the proposed amplifier is 73×63 𝑚𝑚2 in area.
Volume: 23
Issue: 4
Page: 896-905
Publish at: 2025-08-01

A novel-shaped THz MIMO antenna with high bandwidth for advanced 6G wireless application

10.12928/telkomnika.v23i4.26559
Kamal Hossain; Daffodil International University Nahin , Jamal; Daffodil International University Hossain Nirob , Md. Ashraful; Daffodil International University Haque , Narinderjit Singh; INTI International University Sawaran Singh , Redwan Al Mahmud; Daffodil International University Bin Asad Ananta , Md. Kawsar; Daffodil International University Ahmed , Md. Sharif; Daffodil International University Ahammed , Liton; Pabna University of Science and Technology Chandra Paul
This article presents an industrial and innovation highly efficient drone shaped slotted graphene-based multiple input multiple output (MIMO) antenna with improved isolation, designed for high-speed short-range communication, video rate imaging, medical imaging, and explosive detection in the THz band. The proposed antenna is constructed on an 88×244 μm2 polyimide substrate. Key performance parameters such as reflection coefficient, gain, directivity, radiation pattern, and antenna efficiency are evaluated at the resonating frequencies of 1.7 THz, 3.35 THz, and 5.31 THz, covering a wide bandwidth of 4.88 THz with a reflection coefficient of less than -10 dB. The antenna achieves a maximum gain of 13.92 dB and a radiation efficiency of 95.77% within the resonating band. The MIMO design parameters include an envelope correlation coefficient (ECC) of 0.00015, a diversity gain (DG) of 9.9992, and an isolation of less than -31.55 dB between its elements across the entire bandwidth. The outcomes from CST simulations were verified by designing and simulating a similar resistance-inductance-capacitance (RLC) circuit in advanced design system (ADS), with both simulators producing comparable reflection coefficients. These features underscore the potential of the proposed antenna, utilizing simulations and an equivalent RLC circuit model, as a robust candidate for THz band applications in 6G wireless communication.
Volume: 23
Issue: 4
Page: 847-856
Publish at: 2025-08-01

An extensive framework for assessing the quality of websites

10.12928/telkomnika.v23i4.26374
Sasi; CMR College of Engineering and Technology Bhanu Jammalamadaka , Bala Krishna; MLR Institute of Technology Kamesh Duvvuri , Sastry Kodanda; Koneru Laksmaiah Education Foundation University Rama Jammalamadaka , Vishnu; Koneru Laksmaiah Education Foundation University Priya Biyyapu
The quality of the website is quite important in generating customer satisfaction and loyalty. A website’s quality depends on several factors, features, and characteristics. Several computational methods are necessary to evaluate the quality of each factor and subsequently determine the overall quality of the entire website. Each factor does not contribute to the same level of quality required by the end users and thus requires a weighting system. Expert systems, which are either manually defined or learnt using artificial intelligence (AI), are to be modelled for assessing the quality of a factor/sub-factor or characteristics of a sub-factor. The quality of a website varies depending on the context. Context-based quality assessment of the websites is required. There is a need to generate example sets to assess the quality of websites and to establish relationships between web-related quality factors, subfactors, and characteristics. In this paper, a comprehensive framework is presented that caters to parametric structure building and mapping, parsers for computing characteristic values, context assessment, building expert systems, and learning models for assessing the quality of websites and weighing the factors that have specific significance on the quality of the website.
Volume: 23
Issue: 4
Page: 986-999
Publish at: 2025-08-01

Validity and reliability “K² REBT” group counseling module depression among students

10.11591/ijere.v14i4.32133
Nor Asikhin Ishak , Nurul Huda Ishak , Mohamad Sukeri Khalid
Depression among teenagers, especially students, is an increasing concern with serious consequences, including criminal behavior and suicide. This study develops a rational emotive behavior therapy (REBT) counseling module aimed at reducing irrational beliefs and enhancing the cognitive, emotional, and behavioral well-being of depressed students. The module comprises four sub-modules: self-acceptance, feelings, beliefs, and challenging, based on established REBT principles. The 30 students diagnosed with depression participated in reliability testing, while content validity was assessed by five experts, yielding a high validity quotient of 0.930. The module’s reliability was confirmed with a Cronbach’s alpha of 0.964, indicating strong internal consistency. These findings suggest that the REBT Module is a highly valid and reliable tool for improving coping strategies and alleviating depression among students, making it a valuable addition to school counseling programs.
Volume: 14
Issue: 4
Page: 3065-3077
Publish at: 2025-08-01

Archimides multiband micro ribbon spiral antenna for energy harvesting

10.12928/telkomnika.v23i4.25702
Edison Andrés; Metropolitan Technological Institute Zapata Ochoa , Vanessa; Metropolitan Technological Institute García Pineda , Alejandro; Universidad de Los Lagos Valencia Arias , Francisco Eugenio; Metropolitan Technological Institute López Giraldo
The current need to conserve natural resources and find new ways to advance without damaging the environment has led to the search for different energy sources. In this sense, the availability of radio frequency (RF) energy is found as a favorable option for new energy sources. This work describes the design of a microstrip antenna for the collection of radiofrequency energy in the megahertz band. Using the automatic optimization software computer simulation technology (CST) Studio, a circular spiral antenna is simulated using the low-cost FR4 substrate with a thickness of 1.57 mm and copper as the conductive material with a thickness of 0.035 mm. The proposed design presents resonance frequencies in multiple bands from 550 MHz to 1900 MHz, with bandwidths between 15 MHz and 150 MHz. The antenna design is based on the resonant cavity model and presents circular polarization due to its design coil type, with modified geometry using symmetrical orthogonal slots to generate multiple working bands. The design of this antenna can capture the power emitted by the frequency bands used in mobile telephony, radio communications, broadcasting, and television.
Volume: 23
Issue: 4
Page: 882-895
Publish at: 2025-08-01

Modified electro-optical modulator based bipolar optical code division multiple access for free-space optics

10.12928/telkomnika.v23i4.26727
Eddy; Universitas Kristen Krida Wacana Wijanto , Kevin; Universitas Kristen Krida Wacana Sutanto
This study introduces a modified electro-optical modulator (EOM) to enhance bipolar optical code division multiple access (OCDMA) in free-space optical (FSO) communication. The proposed system improves signal quality, spectral efficiency, and resilience to atmospheric turbulence. Unlike conventional dual EOM techniques, the modified EOM enables simultaneous transmission of ‘0’ and ‘1’ chip values, reducing multiple access interference (MAI) and enhancing system robustness. This approach optimizes bandwidth utilization and ensures stable performance in varying environmental conditions. Simulations were conducted in an additive white Gaussian noise (AWGN) channel using three spectral amplitude coding (SAC) schemes: modified M sequence, Walsh-Hadamard, and random diagonal (RD) codes. Results indicate that the modified EOM scheme significantly improves FSO system performance, achieving an average 47.1% lower minimum log of bit error rate (BER) in normal weather and 43.3% lower in extreme weather, ensuring superior noise suppression and signal integrity across varying environmental conditions. Additionally, the system maintains superior performance over longer distances, demonstrating its suitability for high-speed, long-range FSO applications. These findings highlight the potential of the modified EOM based bipolar OCDMA system in advancing next-generation optical wireless networks, offering a more efficient, interference-resistant, and high-capacity communication solution for future technologies such as 6G and beyond.
Volume: 23
Issue: 4
Page: 857-870
Publish at: 2025-08-01

Energy-efficient certificateless signcryption for secure data transfer in wireless sensor networks

10.12928/telkomnika.v23i4.26241
Paruvathavardhini; Avinashilingam Institute for Home Science and Higher Education for Women Jaganthan , Sargunam; Avinashilingam Institute for Home Science and Higher Education for Women Balusamy
Wireless sensor networks (WSN) have gained high popularity in the realm of technological innovation and have a prime responsibility of transferring the data safely to the sink despite the vulnerable situation presiding around the network. There needs to be a compromise made between energy consumption and the intricate network security system because they are inversely correlated. To create a safe and effective data transfer between the communicating nodes, a new censored regressive jaccard indexed certificateless signcryption (CEJICS) technique is suggested. Initially, the Gaussian likelihood censored regression is applied to identify the energy efficient node which supports enhancing the network lifetime. The security is implemented using the rabin cryptographic jaccard indexive certificateless signcryption (RCJICS). To create a signcryption system with the characteristics of digital signature and ciphertext authenticity, the proposed work focuses on certificateless cryptography. The NS-2 simulator is used for the simulation, and performance metrics are used to evaluate it. According to the observed quantitative results, the suggested CEJICS method outperforms the other conventional methods by improving the packet delivery ratio (PDR) by 93%, achieving a minimum drop of 7%, reducing delay by 22%, reducing overhead to 17%, minimizing energy consumption by 15%, and ultimately extending the network lifetime by 10%.
Volume: 23
Issue: 4
Page: 1084-1096
Publish at: 2025-08-01

Enhancing realism in hand-drawn human sketches through conditional generative adversarial network

10.12928/telkomnika.v23i4.26856
Imran; REVA University Ulla Khan , Depa Ramachandraiah; REVA University Kumar Raja
This research focuses on enhancing the realism of hand drawn human sketches through the use of conditional generative adversarial networks (cGAN). Addressing the challenge of translating rudimentary sketches into highfidelity images, by leveraging the capability of deep learning algorithms such as cGANs. This is particularly significant for applications in law enforcement, where accurate facial reconstruction from eyewitness sketches is crucial. Our research utilizes the Chinese University of Hang Kong Face Sketches (CUFS) dataset, a paired dataset of hand drawn human faces sketches and their corresponding realistic images to train the cGAN model. Generator network produces realistic images based on input sketches, where as discriminator network evaluates authenticity of these generated images compared to the real ones. The study involves careful preprocessing of the dataset, including normalization and augmentation, to ensure optimal training conditions. The model performance assessed through both quantitative metrics, such as frechet inception distance (FID), and qualitative evaluations, including visual inspection of generated images. The potential applications of this research extend to various fields, such as agencies of law enforcement for finding suspects and locating missing persons. Future work exploring advanced techniques for further realism, and evaluating the model’s performance across diverse datasets.
Volume: 23
Issue: 4
Page: 976-985
Publish at: 2025-08-01

Graphene-based high-gain MIMO antenna for enhanced 6G wireless communication systems

10.12928/telkomnika.v23i4.26568
Narinderjit Singh; INTI International University Sawaran Singh , Md. Ashraful; Daffodil International University Haque , Jamal; Daffodil International University Hossain Nirob , Kamal; Daffodil International University Hossain Nahin , Md. Kawsar; Daffodil International University Ahmed , Md. Sharif; Daffodil International University Ahammed , Redwan; Daffodil International University A. Ananta , Liton; Pabna University of Science and Technology Chandra Paul
This paper presents a novel design and analysis of a high-performance multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) terahertz (THz) antenna intended for next-generation sixth-generation (6G) wireless communication systems. The proposed antenna operates over a wide frequency range of 1 THz to 4.9 THz, achieving a broad bandwidth of 3.9 THz with three distinct resonant frequencies at 2.05 THz, 3.9 THz, and 4.52 THz, each exhibiting excellent return loss characteristics. The antenna features a graphene-based patch with a copper ground plane, etched on a polyimide substrate with a dielectric constant (εr) of 3.5 and a thickness of 10 micrometers (μm). Key performance metrics, including a high gain of 15.9 decibels (dB), an efficiency of 95.95%, an envelope correlation coefficient (ECC) of 0.0005, and a diversity gain (DG) of 9.997 dB, indicate outstanding performance. The measured isolation between the two antenna elements is -31.91 dB, signifying excellent isolation. An equivalent resistor-inductor-capacitor (RLC) circuit model is developed using advanced design system (ADS), validated by comparing S11 results from both computer simulation technology (CST) and ADS simulations. The proposed MIMO antenna’s wide operating range and robust performance demonstrates great potential for high-speed THz wireless communication, imaging, spectroscopy, sensing, and offers valuable contributions to industry and innovation.
Volume: 23
Issue: 4
Page: 837-846
Publish at: 2025-08-01

Smart hybrid power management system in electric vehicle for efficient resource utilization with ANN

10.11591/ijict.v14i2.pp488-496
Vinoth Kumar Ponnusamy , Gunapriya Devarajan , Gomathi Easwaram , Geetha Murugesan , Rathinam Marimuthu Sekar , R. Delshi Howsalya Devi
The novel hybrid power system integrating energy storage, electric vehicle (EV) charging infrastructure and renewable energy sources improve sustainability and resilience. This work proposes a power management system controlled by artificial intelligence for EV charging infrastructure. The battery’s state of charge (SoC) is continuously monitored by artificial neural network (ANN) algorithm improves the health of the battery and efficient operation of the system. The buck boost DC-DC converter performs dynamic switching mechanism, which adjusts to changing solar conditions and energy demands, guarantees a steady power supply. Depending on the situation, the ANN algorithm used in the battery’s SoC control mechanism decides whether to priorities the EV charging or the inverter to supply the grid. The work is evaluated with the MATLAB simulation for different conditions and results are compared with different controllers such as PI, PID, and ANN. The experiment performed uses internet of things (IoT) for transferring the data from the EV motor, acts as an input for the controller to perform the novel hybrid power management operation with cloud technology. The experimental prototype evaluates the results connected to the photovoltaic (PV) system and battery management system (BMS) which lowers reliance on non-renewable resources, increases overall energy efficiency, and ensures a steady supply of power under a various condition.
Volume: 14
Issue: 2
Page: 488-496
Publish at: 2025-08-01
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