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31,456 Article Results

A convolution neural network model for knee osteoporosis classification using X-ray images

10.12928/telkomnika.v23i4.26778
Omar; University of Mosul Khalid M. Ali , Abeer; University of Mosul K. Ibrahim , Bilal; University of Mosul R. Altamer
Bone structure deterioration along with low levels of bone density are the hallmarks of knee osteoporosis (KOP). The conventional approach for detecting osteoporosis is accomplished using a knee radiograph, but it requires specialized knowledge. Nevertheless, X-rays can be difficult to interpret due to their large volume and minor fluctuations. In the past few decades, deep learning algorithms have minimized misinterpretation and modified medical diagnosis. In particular, algorithms based on convolutional neural networks (CNNs) have been used to speed up the procedure of diagnosis because of their innate capacity to extract significant features that often are challenging to spot by hand. A robust CNN model was proposed in this paper for KOP classification which uses a train and test approach to recognize healthy, osteopenia-predicted, and osteoporosis knee cases using 1947 X-ray images. The proposed model was designed using Jupyter Notebook and is in Python. To verify the efficiency of the model, some factors were calculated such as accuracy, precision, recall, and f1-score. In comparison with other similar systems, the results obtained showed that the accuracy of the proposed system reached 90.25%.
Volume: 23
Issue: 4
Page: 1010-1019
Publish at: 2025-08-01

Enhanced n-party Diffie Hellman key exchange algorithm using the divide and conquer algorithm

10.11591/ijict.v14i2.pp438-445
Nwanze Chukwudi Ashioba , Patrick Ogholorunwalomi Ejeh , Azaka Maduabuchuku
Cryptographic algorithms guarantee data and information security via a communication system against unauthorized users or intruders. Numerous encryption techniques have been employed to safeguard this data and information from hackers. By supplying a distinct shared secret key, the n-party Diffie Hellman key exchange approach has been used to protect data from hackers. Using a quadratic time complexity, the n-party Diffie-Hellman method is slow when multiple users use the cryptographic key interchange system. To solve this issue, the researchers created an effective shared hidden key for the n-party Diffie Hellman key exchange of a cryptographic system using the divide-and-conquer strategy. The current research recommends the use of the divide and conquer algorithm, which breaks down the main problem into smaller subproblems until it reaches the base solution, which is then merged to generate the solution of the main problem. The comparative analysis indicates that the developed system generates a shared secret key faster than the current n-party Diffie Hellman system.
Volume: 14
Issue: 2
Page: 438-445
Publish at: 2025-08-01

Exploring the recurrent and sequential security patch data using deep learning approaches

10.11591/ijece.v15i4.pp4160-4171
Falah Muhammad Alam , Devi Fitrianah
The ever-changing nature of vulnerabilities and the intricacy of temporal connections make the classification of security patch data, both sequential and recurrent, a formidable challenge in cybersecurity. The goal of this research is to improve the efficacy and precision of security patch management by optimizing deep learning models to deal with these issues. In order to assess their performance on the PatchDB dataset, four models were used: recurrent neural networks (RNN), long short-term memory (LSTM), gated recurrent unit (GRU), and bidirectional LSTM (Bi-LSTM). Metrics like F1-score, area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC-ROC), recall, accuracy, and precision were used to evaluate performance. When it came to processing sequential data, the GRU model was the most efficient, with the best accuracy (77.39%), recall (65.63%), and AUC-ROC score (0.8127). With a 75.17% accuracy rate and an AUC-ROC score of 0.7752, the RNN model successfully reduced false negatives. With AUC-ROC scores of 0.7792 and 0.8055, respectively, LSTM and Bi-LSTM had better specificity but more false negatives. To improve cybersecurity operations, decrease mitigation time, and automate the classification of security updates, this study presents a methodology. To improve the models' practicality, future efforts will center on increasing datasets and testing them in real-world settings.
Volume: 15
Issue: 4
Page: 4160-4171
Publish at: 2025-08-01

A novel-shaped THz MIMO antenna with high bandwidth for advanced 6G wireless application

10.12928/telkomnika.v23i4.26559
Kamal Hossain; Daffodil International University Nahin , Jamal; Daffodil International University Hossain Nirob , Md. Ashraful; Daffodil International University Haque , Narinderjit Singh; INTI International University Sawaran Singh , Redwan Al Mahmud; Daffodil International University Bin Asad Ananta , Md. Kawsar; Daffodil International University Ahmed , Md. Sharif; Daffodil International University Ahammed , Liton; Pabna University of Science and Technology Chandra Paul
This article presents an industrial and innovation highly efficient drone shaped slotted graphene-based multiple input multiple output (MIMO) antenna with improved isolation, designed for high-speed short-range communication, video rate imaging, medical imaging, and explosive detection in the THz band. The proposed antenna is constructed on an 88×244 μm2 polyimide substrate. Key performance parameters such as reflection coefficient, gain, directivity, radiation pattern, and antenna efficiency are evaluated at the resonating frequencies of 1.7 THz, 3.35 THz, and 5.31 THz, covering a wide bandwidth of 4.88 THz with a reflection coefficient of less than -10 dB. The antenna achieves a maximum gain of 13.92 dB and a radiation efficiency of 95.77% within the resonating band. The MIMO design parameters include an envelope correlation coefficient (ECC) of 0.00015, a diversity gain (DG) of 9.9992, and an isolation of less than -31.55 dB between its elements across the entire bandwidth. The outcomes from CST simulations were verified by designing and simulating a similar resistance-inductance-capacitance (RLC) circuit in advanced design system (ADS), with both simulators producing comparable reflection coefficients. These features underscore the potential of the proposed antenna, utilizing simulations and an equivalent RLC circuit model, as a robust candidate for THz band applications in 6G wireless communication.
Volume: 23
Issue: 4
Page: 847-856
Publish at: 2025-08-01

EdgeShield: a robust and agile cybersecurity architecture for the internet of medical things

10.12928/telkomnika.v23i4.26989
Anass; Sultan Moulay Slimane University Misbah , Anass; International University of Rabat Sebba , Imad; Sultan Moulay Slimane University Hafidi
We present EdgeShield, a lightweight pipeline that streamlines internet of medical things (IoMT) traffic analysis by pairing aggressive dimensionality-reduction with federated model aggregation. It employs systematic preprocessing, advanced feature selection, and robust sampling to reduce computational overhead while enhancing performance. Through feature engineering techniques such as principal component analysis (PCA), targeted feature selection, and embedding methods, EdgeShield reduces dataset dimensionality by 96%, enabling near real-time detection and prevention of cyber attacks on resource-constrained edge devices. To harden the IoMT perimeter, EdgeShield trains ten lightweight edge models in just 54s and merges their parameters into a single global clas sifier with negligible extra delay. This method requires no additional training or predictions, thus accelerating deployment. Additionally, by using a compact dataset with five top-performing features and PCA with two components, EdgeShield consistently achieves accuracy levels exceeding 99.2% for individual edge models and the consolidated global model. With a built-in continuous improvement loop, EdgeShield dynamically adapts to emerging data patterns and operational conditions, driving substantial advancements in IoMT ecosystem management. This approach delivers both rapid machine learning model deployment and robust cyber attack detection, illustrating its potential to revolutionize IoMT security and elevate healthcare data integrity
Volume: 23
Issue: 4
Page: 1128-1136
Publish at: 2025-08-01

Rapid and efficient maximum power point tracking in photovoltaic systems with modified fuzzy logic approach

10.11591/ijece.v15i4.pp3621-3631
El-bot Said , Yassine El Moujahid , Chafik El Idrissi Mohamed , Abdessamad Benlafkih
Photovoltaic systems (PVs) often face difficulties in maximizing their output power and maintaining a stable DC-DC connection voltage, especially under variable weather conditions (VWC). The power produced by photovoltaic panels is very sensitive to changes in sunlight and temperature, which vary throughout the day. This paper presents the design of an intelligent controller approach based on modified fuzzy logic (MFLC), adapted to enable the most effective maximum power point tracking (MPPT) of a photovoltaic solar module. The technique reduces delays in MPPT and sustains efficiency despite changing environmental conditions. A DC-DC boost converter is connected to the photovoltaic solar module, which in turn is linked to a load, and computer simulations using MATLAB/Simulink were used to validate the method's effectiveness. Results reveal that the MFLC controller significantly enhances the efficiency of the PVs, achieving improvements of up to 97.05%, with a rapid settling time of less than 10 milliseconds across all test scenarios.
Volume: 15
Issue: 4
Page: 3621-3631
Publish at: 2025-08-01

Near-infrared spectroscopy and machine learning to detect olive oil type: a systematic review

10.11591/ijece.v15i4.pp4120-4132
Leonardo Ledesma Ortecho , Enrique Romero José , Christian Ovalle , Heli Alejandro Cordova Berona
The present study evaluates the effectiveness of visible/near-infrared spectroscopy (VIS/NIR) combined with machine learning in olive oil type detection. A search strategy based on the population, intervention, comparison, and outcome (PICO) framework was employed to formulate specific equations used in Scopus, ScienceDirect, and PubMed databases. After applying exclusion criteria, 53 studies were included in the review following preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses (PRISMA) guidelines. The reviewed studies demonstrate that VIS/NIR spectroscopy coupled with machine learning allows rapid and accurate identification of different types of olive oil, highlighting the detection of fatty acids, polyphenols, and other vital compounds. However, variability in samples and processing conditions present significant challenges. Although the results are promising, further research is required to fully validate the efficacy and feasibility of this technology in industrial settings. This review provides a comprehensive overview of the advances, challenges, and opportunities in this field, highlighting the need to optimize machine learning models and standardize analysis procedures for practical application in the food industry.
Volume: 15
Issue: 4
Page: 4120-4132
Publish at: 2025-08-01

Cyber-physical resilience system for anomaly detection in industrial environments

10.11591/ijict.v14i2.pp497-505
Debani Prasad Mishra , Rakesh Kumar Lenka , Rampa Sri Sai Yagyna Duthsharma , Pavan Kumar , Lakshay Bhardwaj , Surender Reddy Salkuti
This work explores the topic of cybersecurity in the context of electric vehicles (EVs). It ensures the resilience of cyber-physical systems against anomalies, which is paramount for maintaining operational efficiency and safety. This paper presents a cyber-physical resilience system (CPRS) customized for anomaly detection. Maintaining operational efficiency and safety in today’s networked industrial contexts requires that cyber-physical systems be resilient to abnormalities. With an emphasis on EVs, this research introduces a unique CPRS designed for anomaly detection in industrial settings. By utilizing the combination of digital and physical elements, the CPRS uses sophisticated monitoring and reaction systems to identify and address irregularities instantly. The process includes creating algorithms for anomaly detection and putting in place a framework that is responsive enough to change with the dangers that it faces. The efficiency of the CPRS in detecting unusual behaviors in EVs is demonstrated by experimental findings, which also improve the overall resilience of the system. Moreover, the research’s ramifications go beyond EVs to include a variety of industrial settings, providing valuable information for the development and execution of resilient cyber-physical systems. This paper highlights the significance of proactive resilience measures in protecting critical infrastructure and advances anomaly detection approaches.
Volume: 14
Issue: 2
Page: 497-505
Publish at: 2025-08-01

A comparative study of deep learning-based network intrusion detection system with explainable artificial intelligence

10.11591/ijece.v15i4.pp4109-4119
Tan Juan Kai , Lee-Yeng Ong , Meng-Chew Leow
In the rapidly evolving landscape of cybersecurity, robust network intrusion detection systems (NIDS) are crucial to countering increasingly sophisticated cyber threats, including zero-day attacks. Deep learning approaches in NIDS offer promising improvements in intrusion detection rates and reduction of false positives. However, the inherent opacity of deep learning models presents significant challenges, hindering the understanding and trust in their decision-making processes. This study explores the efficacy of explainable artificial intelligence (XAI) techniques, specifically Shapley additive explanations (SHAP) and local interpretable model-agnostic explanations (LIME), in enhancing the transparency and trustworthiness of NIDS systems. With the implementation of TabNet architecture on the AWID3 dataset, it is able to achieve a remarkable accuracy of 99.99%. Despite this high performance, concerns regarding the interpretability of the TabNet model's decisions persist. By employing SHAP and LIME, this study aims to elucidate the intricacies of model interpretability, focusing on both global and local aspects of the TabNet model's decision-making processes. Ultimately, this study underscores the pivotal role of XAI in improving understanding and fostering trust in deep learning -based NIDS systems. The robustness of the model is also being tested by adding the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) to the datasets.
Volume: 15
Issue: 4
Page: 4109-4119
Publish at: 2025-08-01

Design strategies for solar photovoltaic integration in rural areas

10.11591/ijece.v15i4.pp3603-3612
Intan Mastura Saadon , Emy Zairah Ahmad , Nurbahirah Norddin , Norain Idris
This study explores the optimization of photovoltaic (PV) systems in the Sungai Tiang Camp region, Malaysia, with a focus on determining the ideal tilt angles to maximize energy generation in a tropical environment while incorporating a cost analysis. While existing studies optimize tilt angles for energy maximization in temperate regions, this study addresses the unique climatic and socio-economic conditions of rural Malaysia. Unlike fixed-tilt assumptions common in prior work, this research explores cost-effective, manually adjustable systems tailored for local weather patterns and rural affordability. To address this, the study examines the relationship between tilt angle, solar irradiance, temperature and output power. The results are analyzed to identify optimal configurations. Results reveal that tilt angles between 5° and 10° deliver the highest energy output, with slight seasonal adjustments for efficiency improvement. These findings align with Malaysia's tropical solar profile, offering practical insights for micro-scale solar deployments in similar climates. By addressing the unique needs of remote areas, this research contributes to bridging the gap in localized PV studies. Its outcomes not only enhance the understanding of solar PV performance in tropical conditions but also provide valuable guidelines for rural electrification and sustainable energy solutions in equatorial regions worldwide.
Volume: 15
Issue: 4
Page: 3603-3612
Publish at: 2025-08-01

Energy scavenging-aided NOMA uplink communications: performance analysis

10.12928/telkomnika.v23i4.26822
Huu; Industrial University of Ho Chi Minh City Q. Tran , Khuong; Ho Chi Minh City University of Technology (HCMUT) Ho-Van
Energy scavenging-aided nonorthogonal multiple access (NOMA) networks significantly ameliorate energy-and-spectral efficiencies thanks to superimposing a multitude of user signals for concurrent transmission and harvesting radio frequency energy. Practically, energy harvesters possess non-linear characteristic and their efficiency is enhanced considerably with deployment of multiple antennas. Moreover, communication reliability and harvested energy are directly influenced by wireless propagation which induces simultaneous effects of shadowing, path loss, and fading. Accordingly, the current paper assesses analytically outage probability and throughput of energy scavenging (ES)-aided NOMA uplink communications (eNOMAu) taking into account the above-addressed realistic factors (κ − µ shadowed fading, multi-antenna deployment, ES nonlinearity). The results reveal considerable performance degradation caused by ES non-linearity and wireless propagation. Additionally, desired system performance can be reached flexibly with appropriate specification selection. In addition, accreting a quantity of antennas drastically mitigates the outage probability of eNOMAu, which can be minimized with optimal ES time selection. Furthermore, the proposed eNOMAu is considerably superior to its eOMAu counterpart.
Volume: 23
Issue: 4
Page: 918-931
Publish at: 2025-08-01

Energy-efficient secure software-defined networking with reinforcement learning and Weierstrass cryptography

10.11591/ijece.v15i4.pp4227-4238
Nagaraju Tumakuru Andanaiah , Malode Vishwanatha Panduranga Rao
In the age of rapidly advancing 5G connectivity, artificial intelligence (AI), and the internet of things (IoT), network data has grown enormously, demanding more efficient and secure management solutions. Traditional networking systems, limited by manual controls and static environments, are unable to fulfill the dynamic demands of modern internet services. This paper proposes an innovative software-defined networking (SDN) framework that utilizes exponential spline regression reinforcement learning (ESR-RL) with genus Weierstrass curve cryptography (GWCC) to boost energy efficiency and data security. The ESR-RL algorithm reliably anticipates network traffic patterns, optimizing path selection to enhance routing efficiency while minimizing consumption of energy. GWCC also enables strong encryption and decryption, considerably increasing data security without impacting system performance. To further improve network reliability, the Skellam distributed Siberian TIGER optimization algorithm (SDSTOA) is used to dynamically acquire features and balance loads, resulting in optimal network performance. Extensive simulations show that the proposed framework performs better than existing models in terms of accuracy, precision, recall, F-measure, sensitivity, and specificity. Improvements in latency, turnaround time, and network throughput demonstrate the framework's success. This scalable and adaptive technology establishes a new standard for SDN systems by providing a safe, energy-efficient, and performance-optimized strategy for future network infrastructures.
Volume: 15
Issue: 4
Page: 4227-4238
Publish at: 2025-08-01

Automated rice leaf disease detection using artificial intelligence deep learning

10.11591/ijict.v14i2.pp405-415
Suhaila M. P. , Hemalatha S.
As one of the top five rice-producing countries, India relies heavily on rice for both economic management and food needs. To ensure healthy rice plant growth, early detection of diseases and timely treatment are essential. Since manual disease detection is time-consuming and labor-intensive, an automated approach is more practical. This work presents a deep neural network (DNN)-based artificial intelligence (AI) method for recognizing rice leaf diseases. The method detects three common diseases: leaf smut, bacterial leaf blight, and brown spot, as well as healthy images. The approach uses an AI-based attention network and semantic batch normalized DeepNet (AN-SBNDN) combined with a channel attention mechanism to improve disease detection accuracy. Experiments with rice leaf datasets and comparison with conventional networks like residual attention network (Res ATTEN) and dynamic speeded up robust features (DSURF) validate the effectiveness of the method. Key performance metrics include average accuracy, time, precision, and recall, achieved at 21%, 44%, 26%, and 31%, respectively.
Volume: 14
Issue: 2
Page: 405-415
Publish at: 2025-08-01

A ten-year retrospective (2014-2024): Bibliometric insights into the study of internet of things in engineering education

10.11591/ijece.v15i4.pp4213-4226
Zakiah Mohd Yusoff , Siti Aminah Nordin , Norhalida Othman , Zahari Abu Bakar , Nurlaila Ismail
This article presents a comprehensive ten-year retrospective analysis (2014-2024) of the evolving landscape of internet of things (IoT) studies within engineering education, employing bibliometric insights. The pervasive influence of IoT technologies across diverse domains, including education, underscores the significance of examining its trajectory in engineering education research over the past decade. Recognizing the dynamic nature of this intersection is crucial for educators, researchers, and policymakers to adapt educational strategies to IoT-induced technological shifts. Addressing this imperative, the study conducts a detailed bibliometric review to identify gaps, trends, and areas necessitating further exploration. Methodologically, the study follows a framework involving a comprehensive search of Scopus and Web of Science databases to identify relevant articles. Selected articles undergo bibliometric analysis using the Biblioshiny tool, supplemented by manual verification and additional analysis in Excel. This approach facilitates robust evaluation of citation patterns, co-authorship networks, keyword trends, and publication patterns over the specified timeframe. Anticipated outcomes include the identification of seminal works, key contributors, influential journals, and science mapping. The study aims to unveil emerging themes, track research trends, and provide insights into collaborative networks shaping IoT discourse in engineering education. This analysis offers a roadmap for future research directions, guiding educators and researchers toward fruitful avenues of exploration.
Volume: 15
Issue: 4
Page: 4213-4226
Publish at: 2025-08-01

Efficient high-gain low-noise amplifier topologies using GaAs FET at 3.5 GHz for 5G systems

10.11591/ijece.v15i4.pp3833-3842
Samia Zarrik , Abdelhak Bendali , Elmahdi Fadlaoui , Karima Benkhadda , Sanae Habibi , Mouad El Kobbi , Zahra Sahel , Mohamed Habibi , Abdelkader Hadjoudja
Achieving a gain greater than 18 dB with a noise figure (NF) below 2 dB at 3.5 GHz remains a formidable challenge for low-noise amplifiers (LNAs) in sub-6 GHz 5G systems. This study explores and evaluates various LNA topologies, including single-stage designs with inductive source degeneration and cascade configurations, to optimize performance. The single-stage topology with inductive source degeneration achieves a gain of 18.141 dB and an NF of 1.448 dB, while the cascade-stage common-source low-noise amplifier with inductive degeneration achieves a gain of 32.714 dB and a noise figure of 1.563 dB. These results underscore the importance of GaAs FET technology in meeting the demanding requirements of 5G systems, specifically in the 3.5 GHz frequency band. The advancements demonstrated in gain, noise figure, and linearity affirm the viability of optimized LNA topologies for high-performance 5G applications, supporting improved signal quality and reliability essential for modern telecommunication infrastructure.
Volume: 15
Issue: 4
Page: 3833-3842
Publish at: 2025-08-01
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