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31,456 Article Results

Enhancing plagiarism detection using data pre-processing and machine learning approach

10.11591/ijai.v14.i3.pp1940-1950
Vrushali Bhuyar , Sachin N. Deshmukh
Modern technology and the internet have enhanced academic information accessibility, but this has led to a rising global concern about plagiarism. Researchers are actively exploring machine learning as a promising solution for detection. This study underscores the importance of robust data preprocessing for optimal machine learning algorithm performance. Using a dataset of 67 research papers, big five factors (OCEAN), and plagiarism rates, the study employed machine learning to detect plagiarism. The training process involved exposing algorithms to an 80% training subset, followed by evaluating their performance on the remaining 20% in the testing phase, assessing generalization capabilities. For the random forest regressor, bagging regressor, gradient boosting regressor, XGB regressor, and AdaBoost regressor, corresponding root mean squared error (RMSE) are 9.48, 10.66, 11.79, 12.53, and 12.79, respectively. This research contributes novel insights to existing literature by introducing a plagiarism detection model that innovatively integrates outlier detection, normalization, missing value imputation, and feature selection. The unique aspect lies in the effective combination of feature selection and missing value imputation, surpassing previous benchmarks and optimizing precision and efficiency. The approach is metaphorically likened to assembling puzzle pieces, highlighting the distinctive methodology employed in enhancing the performance of the plagiarism detection model using data preprocessing.
Volume: 14
Issue: 3
Page: 1940-1950
Publish at: 2025-06-01

Artificial intelligence-blockchain synergy ensures Indonesia’s compliance with European Union’s Deforestation-free regulation

10.11591/ijai.v14.i3.pp1763-1771
Silfi Iriyani , Sarifah Putri Raflesia
This paper introduces a new model that incorporates blockchain and artificial intelligence (AI) in creating traceability on agricultural supply chains to meet European Union's (EU's) regulation on deforestation-free products. This model stands for the system that would be applied for monitoring origins and routes with regard to verifying the status of products being free from deforestation. Particularly, this addressed the European Union's Deforestation-free Regulation products (EUDR)-related issues in Indonesia focused on smallholders and their linkage to traceability tools. The proposed conceptual model demonstrates how blockchain technology combined with AI in agricultural supply chains enhances transparency and reliability in the line of improving environmental sustainability as well as boosting consumers' confidence. Integration of blockchain and AI increases agricultural supply chain transparency, traceability, and reliability whereby smart contracts can execute automatically such as releasing payments once certain conditions are met.
Volume: 14
Issue: 3
Page: 1763-1771
Publish at: 2025-06-01

Electroencephalography classification technique based on statistical denoising and modified k-nearest neighbor algorithm with bipolar sigmoid rectified linear unit’s function

10.11591/ijece.v15i3.pp2786-2795
Thejaswini Bekkalale Mahalingegowda , Glan Devadhas George , Satheesha Tumakur Yoga , Kaliyamoorthy Ezhilarasan
Accurate classification of electroencephalography (EEG) data is much needed for early identification of diseases to treat various disorders. In this paper, we propose EEG classification technique based on statistical denoising & modified k-nearest neighbor (k-NN) algorithm with bipolar sigmoid rectified linear units (ReLU) function. The EEG data is subjected to statistical methods to remove the artifacts and then applied to modified k-NN algorithm to categorize the appropriate features giving preference to neighbors closer to one another considering the weighted votes of the k-nearest neighbors before selecting the class label based on the highest weighted vote. A customized activation function that combines these two functions called as hybrid function that uses various portions of each function in particular ranges is used in our work i.e., use of bipolar sigmoid for negative values and the ReLU function for positive values which helps to limit the signal in a particular range. The proposed algorithm's detection accuracy is tested for the confusion matrix of true positive (TP), false positive (FP), false negative (FN)and true negative (TN) and compared to the detection accuracy of other existing algorithms, demonstrating the algorithm's efficiency with a classification accuracy of almost 85 percent and sensitivity of 91% for standard Kaggle Dataset.
Volume: 15
Issue: 3
Page: 2786-2795
Publish at: 2025-06-01

Design of H-/H∞ based fault detection filter for linear uncertain systems using linear matrix inequalities

10.11591/ijra.v14i2.pp214-226
Masood Ahmad , Rosmiwati Mohd-Mokhtar
One of the significant challenges in model-based fault detection is achieving robustness against disturbances and model uncertainties while ensuring sensitivity to faults. This study proposes an optimized approach for designing fault detection filters for discrete-time linear systems with norm-bounded model uncertainties. The design leverages the H-/H∞ optimization framework and is expressed through linear matrix inequality constraints. The filter is designed to produce a residual signal that balances two opposing objectives: minimizing the impact of disturbances and model uncertainties while maximizing fault sensitivity. The effectiveness of the proposed method is demonstrated through simulations involving sensor and actuator fault detection in the well-known three-tank system. Simulation results illustrate the method's ability to maintain robustness against disturbances and uncertainties while effectively detecting faults in the system.
Volume: 14
Issue: 2
Page: 214-226
Publish at: 2025-06-01

Effectiveness of artificial intelligence-driven chatbot responses in diabetes knowledge: a readability and reliability assessment

10.11591/ijai.v14.i3.pp2379-2388
Muhammad Thesa Ghozali , Woro Supadmi , Fadya Bella Suci Maharani , Aloina Jean Rassyifa
Patient education is vital in diabetes management, empowering patients with necessary knowledge and skills to manage condition effectively. However, traditional educational methods often face challenges such as limited access to healthcare professionals and variability in information quality. This study aimed to assess the reliability and readability of artificial intelligence (AI)-driven chatbot responses in disseminating diabetes knowledge. Technically, the diabetes knowledge questionnaire (DKQ-24) was administered to evaluate the effectiveness of AI-driven chatbot in disseminating diabetes-related information. Responses were evaluated for reliability and quality applying the modified DISCERN (mDISCERN) scale and global quality scale (GQS), and readability was assessed using the Flesch reading ease (FRE) score, Flesch-Kincaid grade level (FKGL), gunning fog index (GFI), Coleman-Liau index (CLI), and simple measure of gobbledygook (SMOG). The mean mDISCERN score was 31.50±2.89, indicating generally reliable responses. The median GQS score was 4, reflecting the high overall quality. The readability assessment revealed a mean FRE score of 66.30, indicating that the text was fairly easy to read. FKGL mean score was 6.54±3.19, suggesting the text was suitable for readers at a sixth-grade level. In conclusion, AI-driven chatbot provides reliable and high-quality information on the diabetes self-management, but it requires improvements to enhance accessibility.
Volume: 14
Issue: 3
Page: 2379-2388
Publish at: 2025-06-01

Ledger on internet of things: a blockchain framework for resource-constrained devices

10.11591/ijai.v14.i3.pp2506-2518
Suresh Jaganathan , Karthika Veeramani
The increasing use of resource-constrained devices such as the internet of things (IoT) in various applications has led to the need for an optimized blockchain framework for these devices. Blockchain-based IoT networks allow businesses to access and share IoT data within their organization without centralized authority. However, existing frameworks are not designed for IoT applications and lack features like decentralization, scalability, and network overhead. To overcome these limitations, a new blockchain framework is proposed: ledger on internet of things (LIoT), which has a new consensus-based leader election algorithm to address the challenges of existing algorithms with high block creation time and communication overhead. Moreover, a novel data structure has been developed to reduce the storage size of the ledger effectively. The proposed framework also employs a docker for deployment, which provides an efficient and easy setup of blockchain nodes without requiring the individual configuration of each machine, increases the efficiency of the consensus process, and enables convenient deployment and management of the blockchain framework on resource-constrained devices. Furthermore, the performance of the proposed consensus method is analyzed using various performance parameters, including CPU usage, memory usage, transaction execution time, and block generation time.
Volume: 14
Issue: 3
Page: 2506-2518
Publish at: 2025-06-01

Semantic based medical visual question answering with explainable artificial intelligence

10.11591/ijai.v14.i3.pp2169-2177
Sheerin Sitara Noor Mohamed , Kavitha Srinivasan , Raghuraman Gopalsamy
The medical visual question answering (MVQA) system takes the advantage of both computer vision (CV) and natural language processing (NLP) to accept the medical image and corresponding question as input and generates the respective answer as output. One step further, the MVQA system capable of generating the answer based on the semantics has a distinct place and hence semantic based medical visual question answering (SMVQA) system is proposed in this research. In SMVQA, the semantics for input image and question are generated using layerwise relevance propagation explainable artificial intelligence (LRP XAI) technique and the answer is derived using deductive reasoning method. For this, seven MVQA datasets are used for model creation, testing and validation. The training phase of the SMVQA system is implemented using VGGNet, long short-term memory (LSTM), LRP XAI, ResNet and bidirectional encoder representations from transformers (BERT) to generate a model file. Then the inference is derived in the testing phase based on the generated model file for the test set. Finally, the answer is derived from the inference using natural language toolkit (NLTK) library, term frequency-inverse document frequency (TF-IDF), cosine similarity, best match25 (BM25) techniques along with deductive reasoning. As a result, the proposed SMVQA system gives improved performance then the existing MVQA system especially for abnormality type samples.
Volume: 14
Issue: 3
Page: 2169-2177
Publish at: 2025-06-01

A review of recent deep learning applications in wood surface defect identification

10.11591/ijai.v14.i3.pp1696-1707
Martina Ali , Ummi Raba’ah Hashim , Kasturi Kanchymalay , Aji Prasetya Wibawa , Lizawati Salahuddin , Rahillda Nadhirah Norizzaty Rahiddin
Wood is widely used in construction, art, and home applications due to its aesthetic appeal and favorable mechanical properties. However, environmental factors significantly affect the growth and preservation of wood, often leading to defects that can reduce its performance and ornamental value. Researchers have introduced machine vision and deep learning methods to address the challenges of high labor costs and inefficiencies in identifying wood defects. Deep learning has shown great success in image recognition tasks, yielding impressive results. This paper reviews previous work on deep-learning strategies for identifying wood surface defects. It also discusses data augmentation techniques to address limited defect data and explores transfer learning to enhance classification accuracy on small datasets. Finally, the paper examines the potential limitations of deep learning for defect identification and suggests future research directions.
Volume: 14
Issue: 3
Page: 1696-1707
Publish at: 2025-06-01

Improvisation in detection of pomegranate leaf disease using transfer learning techniques

10.11591/ijai.v14.i3.pp1930-1939
Shivappa M. Metagar , Gyanappa A. Walikar
To provide the growing world population with food and satisfy their fundamental requirements, agriculture is a vital industry. The cultivation of cereals and vegetables is indispensable for both human sustenance and the worldwide economy. Many farmers in rural areas suffer substantial losses because they rely on manual monitoring of crops and lack sufficient information and disease detection methods. Digital farming techniques may provide a novel way to swiftly and simply identify illnesses in the leaves of plants. This article uses image processing and transfer learning techniques for identifying plant leaf ailments and taking preventative action in the agriculture business in order to address these problems. Global food security and agricultural productivity are seriously threatened by leaf disease. Crop losses may be considerably decreased, and crop output can be increased by promptly identifying and diagnosing leaf diseases. Deep learning can mitigate the adverse impact of artificially picking disease spot data, enhance objectivity in extracting plant disease traits, and expedite the advancement of new technologies. This article presents a novel approach using deep learning to diagnose leaf diseases. This article advances the development of efficient and successful techniques for recognizing and diagnosing leaf diseases, which will eventually aid farmers and maintain the security of the world's food supply.
Volume: 14
Issue: 3
Page: 1930-1939
Publish at: 2025-06-01

An optimized transfer learning-based approach for Crocidolomia pavonana larvae classification

10.11591/ijai.v14.i3.pp2270-2281
Risnawati Risnawati , Rodiah Rodiah , Sarifuddin Madenda , Diana Tri Susetianingtias
The increasing demand for mustard greens has driven farmers to continuously improve mustard greens cultivation. One of the challenges in mustard greens cultivation is the presence of insect pests. A significant pest in mustard greens is Crocidolomia pavonana (C. pavonana). C. pavonana damages plants by feeding on various parts, especially the leaves. The initial step in controlling them is insect pest monitoring. Monitoring aims to establish the control threshold. C. pavonana larvae have four instar stages: instar 1, 2, 3, and 4. Identification of the instar larval stages utilizes deep convolutional neural network (CNN) to classify C. Pavonana larvae on mustard greens using ResNet50V2 and DenseNet169 architectures optimized to enhance classification accuracy. The classification evaluation results show that both DenseNet169 and ResNet50V2 models achieve high accuracy, with DenseNet169 reaching the highest accuracy at 97.1%, while ResNet50V2 achieves an accuracy of 94.2%. The lower loss values on the test data compared to the validation data indicate that the deep learning models have successfully captured the patterns in C. pavonana images for classification. This classification process is expected to be one of the activities in monitoring the instar larvae to improve the accuracy of insecticide spraying and enhance mustard greens production.
Volume: 14
Issue: 3
Page: 2270-2281
Publish at: 2025-06-01

Novel preemptive intelligent artificial intelligence-model for detecting inconsistency during software testing

10.11591/ijai.v14.i3.pp1781-1789
Sangeetha Govinda , B. G. Prasanthi , Agnes Nalini Vincent
The contribution of artificial intelligence (AI)-based modelling is highly significant in automating the software testing process; thereby enhancing the cost, resources, and productivity while performing testing. Review of existing AI-models towards software testing showcases yet an open-scope for further improvement as yet the conventional AI-model suffers from various challenges especially in perspective of test case generation. Therefore, the proposed scheme presents a novel preemptive intelligent computational framework that harnesses a unique ensembled AI-model for generating and executing highly precise and optimized test-cases resulting in an outcome of adversary or inconsistencies associated with test cases. The ensembled AI-model uses both unsupervised and supervised learning approaches on publicly available outlier dataset. The benchmarked outcome exhibits supervised learning-based AI-model to offer 21% of reduced error and 1.6% of reduced processing time in contrast to unsupervised scheme while performing software testing.
Volume: 14
Issue: 3
Page: 1781-1789
Publish at: 2025-06-01

Depression and post traumatic stress disorder analysis with multi-modal data

10.11591/ijai.v14.i3.pp2358-2366
Rajalakshmi Sivanaiah , Angel Deborah Suseelan , Krupa Elizabeth Thannickal , Sanmati Pirabahar
With an increasing global population and more people living to the age when major depressive disorder (MDD) or post traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) commonly occurs, the number of those who suffer from such disorders is rising. Studies have also shown a high likelihood of comorbidity between these 2 disorders. This comorbidity can worsen symptoms, increase the risk of chronicity, and complicate treatment, significantly impacting patients’ emotional wellbeing and social and occupational functioning. There is a need to enable faster and reliable diagnosis methods, while taking into account the subjectivity of individuals and the role of behavioural cues. The proposed approach analyses the combination of audio, video and text input features (multi-modal data) of the subject to determine the severity class of MDD and PTSD. The DistilBERT transformer is used for learning and building a model with the textual modality and random forest classifiers for the audio and video modalities. An ensemble of these 3 models from 3 modalities performs better in the final classification of MDD and PTSD when compared to individual models. This work also covers a comparison of the models with different splits on the dataset. This ensembled system shows an improved accuracy of 2% to 7% for the MDD and PTSD multi class classification over the models tested on individual modalities.
Volume: 14
Issue: 3
Page: 2358-2366
Publish at: 2025-06-01

Development of character extraction techniques to detect chicken gender based on egg shape

10.11591/ijeecs.v38.i3.pp1851-1861
Adil Setiawan , Yuhandri Yuhandri , Muhammad Tajuddin
This research investigates the differentiation of chicken sex based on egg shape images by developing an innovative eccentricity shape feature extraction method. The goal is to determine the sex of chickens before hatching, by identifying the sex of the egg prior to incubation. Images of eggs are captured using a smartphone camera, creating a dataset of 150 images each of male and female eggs, with expert assistance. The research aims to accurately identify male and female eggs, aiding breeders in sorting them. The research introduces a unique method to expand the eccentricity value range, enhancing the precision of egg shape analysis. Characteristic extraction results include: area = 1290194, eccentricity = 6.56, contrast = 0.03, correlation = 0.99, energy = 0.44, and homogeneity = 0.98, with a previous value of 0.72. For Feature Selection, the values obtained are: eccentricity = 0.901188049, Area = 0.73, Energy = 0.03, Contrast = 0.01, Homogeneity = 0.01, and Correlation = 0.01. These findings demonstrate significant improvements in differentiating chicken sex from egg images, showcasing the effectiveness of the newly developed eccentricity shape feature extraction method.
Volume: 38
Issue: 3
Page: 1851-1861
Publish at: 2025-06-01

Optimizing bioinformatics applications: a novel approach with human protein data and data mining techniques

10.11591/ijai.v14.i3.pp2328-2337
Preeti Thareja , Rajender Singh Chhillar
Biomedicine plays a crucial role in medical research, particularly in optimizing techniques for disease prediction. However, selecting effective optimization methods and managing vast amounts of medical data pose significant challenges. This study introduces a novel optimization technique, integrated bioinformatics optimization model (IBOM) for disease diagnosis, incorporating data mining to efficiently store large datasets for future analysis. Various optimization algorithms, such as whale optimization algorithm (WOA), multi-verse optimization (MVO), genetic algorithm (GA), and ant colony optimization (ACO), were compared with the proposed method. The evaluation focused on metrics like accuracy, specificity, sensitivity, precision, F-score, error, receiver operating characteristic (ROC), and false positive rate (FPR) using 5-fold cross-validation. Results indicated that the 5-fold cross-validation method achieved superior performance with metrics: 98.61% accuracy, 96.59% specificity, 88.63% sensitivity, 99.30% precision, 92.31% F-score, 10.80% error, 92.61% ROC, and a 3.00% FPR. This method was found to be the most effective, achieving an accuracy of 0.92 in disease diagnosis compared to other optimization techniques.
Volume: 14
Issue: 3
Page: 2328-2337
Publish at: 2025-06-01

Optimization of sales by applying e-commerce and digital marketing through social networks

10.11591/ijeecs.v38.i3.pp2079-2089
Misael Lazo-Amado , Paico-Campos Meyluz
Companies must have a strategy plan to satisfy their users and implement new methods to work with technology since people nowadays are more related to technology avoiding traditional sales and having virtual sales is why it has the objective of optimizing sales in companies by applying e-commerce and digital marketing through social networks. The methodology was carried out with Scrum, which has five stages (planning meeting, sprint backlog, daily meetings, sprint review, and retrospective review) that allows to comply with each established sprint showing as a result a functional project. As a result indicates the solution of each phase of the methodology getting the ecommerce system, with a validation by 7 experts specialized in (realism, integration, adaptability, technology, innovation, functionality, and usability) indicating a total of 93% showing a perfect state of the system and meets the satisfaction for the user and finally indicates the development of digital marketing by the social network Facebook showing a great improvement in their sales reaching up to triple their sales.
Volume: 38
Issue: 3
Page: 2079-2089
Publish at: 2025-06-01
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