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31,456 Article Results

Enhancing data security using a multi-layer encryption system

10.11591/ijece.v15i2.pp1961-1967
Osama Abd Qasim , Sajjad Golshannavaz
This study highlights the interesting potential of a new multilayer cryptography scheme for reliable data protection in the field of cybersecurity. To do so, an intensive examination of a multi-layer encryption mechanism is proposed to reinforce the defenses in opposition to online threats to touchy data. The strategy is multilevel, with a superior digital dictionary serving as the foundation for the primary layer. The laborious procedures that went into making this dictionary, including rotation differences, ASCII conversion, and chaotic matrix era, upload to its encoding trouble. A modified model of the advanced encryption standard (AES) algorithm with a brand-new key generation technique, which is based on the chaos idea is furnished through layer 2. A parameter is encrypted using the Rivest-Shamir-Adleman (RSA) method, and further precautions are taken to assure the security of the encryption key. When it comes to encryption time, the first layer significantly outperforms the AES method. In addition to exhibiting instantaneous efficiency in data protection, the first layer outperformed the AES algorithm in terms of encryption time which took more than 3 seconds, and the first layer took less than 0.01 seconds, while both approaches functioned identically in terms of information decryption. In-depth talks are given to customize the suggested method's performance. The results demonstrate the effectiveness of the suggested multi-stage encryption and decryption system and demonstrate its efficacy in protecting text documents.
Volume: 15
Issue: 2
Page: 1961-1967
Publish at: 2025-04-01

The advances in natural language processing technology and its impact on modern society

10.11591/ijece.v15i2.pp2325-2333
Nadezhda Borisova , Elena Karashtranova , Irena Atanasova
A wide range of information, such as books, news, reports, and other content, is constantly being produced, much of which is available online. Machine translation, spam detection, natural language interfaces, and question-answering applications have become increasingly popular. Natural language processing (NLP) is at the core of the automatic retrieval of information stored on computers. This article discusses NLP and its applications in daily activities. It covers the main stages of NLP and provides examples of its advances in various higher-level tasks. The objective is to highlight the significance of NLP in processing online content and in efficient interactions between humans and computers across various applications. As an essential element of artificial intelligence, NLP provides solutions for real-world problems and has the potential to transform the way companies operate.
Volume: 15
Issue: 2
Page: 2325-2333
Publish at: 2025-04-01

Markov processes in Bayesian network computation

10.11591/ijece.v15i2.pp2181-2191
Assem Shayakhmetova , Nurbolat Tasbolatuly , Ardak Akhmetova , Assel Abdildayeva , Marat Shurenov , Anar Sultangaziyeva
The article examines the influence of Markov processes on computations in Bayesian networks (BN), an important area of research within probabilistic graphical models. The concept of Bayesian Markov networks (BMN) is introduced, an extension of traditional Bayesian networks with the addition of a Markov constraint, according to which the probability in a node can only depend on the state of neighboring nodes. This constraint makes the model more realistic for many practical tasks, as most graphical models that reflect real-world processes possess the Markov property. The article also discusses that Bayesian networks, in the absence of evidence, actually exhibit the Markov property. However, when evidence (additional information) is introduced into the model, challenges arise that require more complex computational methods. In response, the article proposes algorithms adapted for working with Bayesian Markov networks in the presence of evidence. These algorithms are aimed at optimizing computations and reducing computational complexity. Additionally, a comparative analysis of calculations in Bayesian networks without Markov constraints and with them is conducted, highlighting the advantages and disadvantages of each approach. Special attention is paid to the practical applications of the proposed methods and their effectiveness in various scenarios.
Volume: 15
Issue: 2
Page: 2181-2191
Publish at: 2025-04-01

Comparison design of dynamic voltage restorers, distribution static compensators and unified power quality conditioner series shunts on voltage sag, and voltage swell

10.11591/ijece.v15i2.pp1396-1410
Yulianta Siregar , Syahrun Mubarok , Nur Nabila Mohamed
One issue with the power system is electrical power quality, which is brought on by short circuit disruptions and growing nonlinear loads. Power systems frequently have short circuits, resulting in voltage sags that can harm delicate loads. Voltage sage and swell issues can be resolved using unified power quality conditioner series shunts (UPQC-S), distribution static compensators (DSTATCOM), and dynamic voltage restorers (DVR). Custom power devices are very useful in overcoming problems with electrical networks. In this research, due to 3-phase short circuit faults, voltage sag and swell simulations were conducted using a load equal to 70% of the total load and a fault location point of 75% of the feeder length, from the results of research conducted with the case study PT. PLN (Persero) UP3 Sibolga Feeder SB 02 shows that DVR performs better than DSTATCOM and UPQC-S in handling voltage sag and voltage swell due to 3-phase short circuit disturbances. The DVR succeeded in providing the largest voltage sag recovery in phase C, increasing the voltage from 0.2481 pu to 0.9776 pu. The DVR is also effective in overcoming voltage swell on phase A, reducing it from 1.724 pu to 0.9969 pu.
Volume: 15
Issue: 2
Page: 1396-1410
Publish at: 2025-04-01

Novel features extraction: pigment epithelial detachment detection using machine learning algorithms

10.11591/ijece.v15i2.pp1572-1583
Sheeba Thankappan Mercy , Albert Antony Raj Saminathan , Anand Murugadhas , Anshy Princella Anand Sheeba
The majority of the retinal diseases have visual symptoms. Any area of the retina, a delicate layer of tissue on the interior the posterior wall of the human eye, can be impacted by retinal disorders. Optical coherence tomography (OCT) is the utmost commonly used imaging procedure for diagnosing retinal disorders such as age-related macular degeneration (ARMD), diabetic retinopathy, pigment epithelial detachment (PED), macular holes, and more. In this study, we put forth a brand-new technique for accurately extracting features from OCT images to identify PED diseases. For the preprocessing step, we examined the wiener filtering method. After that, we segmented the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) layer used to the thresholding method, extracted the features from the RPE layer, and then gave the features to machine learning (ML) classifiers like the support vector machine (SVM), logistic regression (LR), k-nearest neighbors (KNN), decision tree (DT), random forest (RF), naive Bayes (NB), and artificial neural network (ANN). The total dataset about 200 images among 100 is normal and 100 is PED, we trained the dataset as an unbalanced and balanced group. The RF is the best outcome in comparison of other classifiers. The overall outcome of random forest is 100% accuracy.
Volume: 15
Issue: 2
Page: 1572-1583
Publish at: 2025-04-01

Enhancing predictive modelling and interpretability in heart failure prediction: a SHAP-based analysis

10.11591/ijict.v14i1.pp11-19
Niaz Ashraf Khan , Md. Ferdous Bin Hafiz , Md. Aktaruzzaman Pramanik
Predictive modelling plays a crucial role in healthcare, particularly in forecasting mortality due to heart failure. This study focuses on enhancing predictive modelling and interpretability in heart failure prediction through advanced boosting algorithms, ensemble methods, and SHapley Additive exPlanations (SHAP) analysis. Leveraging a dataset of patients diagnosed with cardiovascular diseases (CVD), we employed techniques such as synthetic minority over-sampling technique (SMOTE) and bootstrapping to address class imbalance. Our results demonstrated exceptional predictive performance, with the gradient boosting (GBoost) model achieving the highest accuracy of 91.39%. Ensemble techniques further enhanced performance, with the voting classifier (VC), stacking classifier (SC), and Blending achieving accuracies of 91.00%. SHAP analysis uncovered key features such as time, Serum_creatinine, and Ejection_fraction, significantly impacting mortality prediction. These findings highlight the importance of transparent and interpretable machine learning models in healthcare decision-making processes, facilitating informed interventions and personalized treatment strategies for heart failure patients.
Volume: 14
Issue: 1
Page: 11-19
Publish at: 2025-04-01

Evaluating tumor heterogeneity in oncology with genomic-imaging and cloud-based genomic algorithms

10.11591/ijece.v15i2.pp2427-2435
Gurumoorthi Gurulakshmanan , Raveendra N. Amarnath , Sivaprasad Lebaka , Munnangi Koti Reddy , Nagarajan Mohankumar , Surulivelu Muthumarilakshmi , Chelliah Srinivasan
The goal of this initiative is to rethink how oncology is traditionally practiced by integrating novel approaches to genomic imaging with cloud-based genomic algorithms. The research intends to give a thorough knowledge of cancer biology by focusing on the decoding of tumor heterogeneity as its primary objective. It is possible to get a more nuanced understanding of the intricacy of tumors via the integration of high-resolution imaging tools and sophisticated genetic analysis. It is a pioneering use of cloud computing, which enables the quick analysis of large genomic information. The major goal is to decipher the complex genetic variants that are present inside tumors in order to direct the creation of individualized treatment strategies. This discovery marks a significant step forward, since it successfully bridges the gap between genetics and imaging. Diagnostic accuracy and treatment effectiveness have both been improved. This innovative technique permits real-time analysis, which in turn enables treatment tactics to be adjusted in a timely manner. It makes a significant contribution to the continuous development of oncological research as well as its translation into better clinical outcomes for cancer patients.
Volume: 15
Issue: 2
Page: 2427-2435
Publish at: 2025-04-01

Managing cyber resilience literacy for consumers

10.11591/ijict.v14i1.pp122-131
Tatiana Antipova , Simona Riurean
It seems inevitable that digitalization will have a profound and irreversible impact on our lives, and it seems reasonable to suppose that our world will never be the same again. Objectives of this study is to gain insight into consumers’ understanding of cyber security threats and their willingness to enhance their cyber resilience. To achieve this, a survey was conducted using AI tools such as Open ChatGPT, Copilot and PI. The survey was distributed selectively among consumers via Google Form. The results of the survey conducted during the study indicated that the majority of respondents (72%) expressed interest in attending online interactive seminars to gain more knowledge about managing cybersecurity threats. However, respondents with the lowest cyber resilience knowledge did not express the same level of interest. With technology becoming an increasingly important aspect in our everyday lives, it is becoming ever clearer that cybersecurity posture relies on the behavior consumers and organizations. Based on the rule that ‘never trust, always verify’ we designed ‘cybersecurity zero-trust framework model’ for consumers that allows them to protect themselves against cybersecurity threats. In an ever-shifting landscape of cybersecurity, it is important to recognize the value of continuous education as a necessity, not just an option.
Volume: 14
Issue: 1
Page: 122-131
Publish at: 2025-04-01

High speed space division multiplexing based integrated fiber transmission system and its impact on atmospheric conditions

10.11591/ijece.v15i2.pp1745-1753
Kakarla Phaneendra Kumar , T. Sreenivasulu Reddy
With several advantages over traditional wireless and fiber optic cables, free space optical communication is becoming more and more popular because of its high speed and bandwidth applications. In particular, the high transmission capacity of free space optics (FSO) communication systems makes them preferred, which enables them to handle the growing amount of internet traffic. Because FSO has no regulatory limitations, operates over large distances with high levels of security, and transmits data faster than radio frequency communication technologies are widely utilized. However, given different atmospheric conditions, the availability and capacity of FSO optical bands represent a major concern. For next-generation information transmission networks to satisfy end users high-capacity demands, the transmission technology known as space-division multiplexing (SDM) has become essential. Hence in this work, High speed space division multiplexing based integrated fiber/FSO transmission system and its impact on atmospheric conditions is presented. The SDM transmission system developed in this study is based on an integrated multimode fiber (MMF)/ FSO link with linear polarized (LP) spatial modes. This approach takes into consideration extreme climate conditions like snow and turbulence while evaluating performance. Utilizing bit error rate (BER) and received optical power (ROP) are the performance of FSO is evaluated in different weather conditions.
Volume: 15
Issue: 2
Page: 1745-1753
Publish at: 2025-04-01

Development of twig dryness sensor for internet of things-based peatland fire early detection system

10.11591/ijece.v15i2.pp1532-1543
Abdul Muid , Nina Siti Aminah , Maman Budiman , Mitra Djamal
Peatland fires are a severe threat to the global environment. Existing peatland fire early detection systems commonly detect parameters such as air temperature, humidity, gas, smoke, and fire. This paper proposes a new peatland fire early detection method using the twig moisture content parameter. This method utilizes the most significant parameter approach for fire vulnerability compared to current peatland fire early detection systems. In particular, we developed an internet of things (IoT)-based twig dryness sensor to realize a field-applicable system. We propose a twig dryness sensor using the resistive sensing method, which employs a needle electrode to measure twig moisture content. Using the twig dryness sensor, three classifications of flammability were obtained, namely very difficult (moisture above 30%), difficult (moisture between 5%-30%) and easy (moisture less than 5%). This device utilizes readily available compact and portable materials. This instrumentation is digitally controlled with a low- power consumption microcontroller and long range (LoRa) transmitter, providing a long-life battery and long-range data transmission. Sensor data visualization is presented as twig dryness values and categorized according to fire vulnerability levels. The proposed system provides real-time and sustainable measurement.
Volume: 15
Issue: 2
Page: 1532-1543
Publish at: 2025-04-01

Design and implementation of an internet of things enabled stress level detection system using fuzzy logic method for enhanced accuracy and real-time monitoring

10.11591/ijece.v15i2.pp2499-2512
Nurhayati Nurhayati , Nur Hidayah , Muh. Ahyar , Asriyadi Asriyadi , Yuniarti Yuniarti , Muhira Dzar Faraby , Mustika Mustika , Asmah Akhriana , Mukhlisin Mukhlisin
Stress can affect individuals of all ages, from the young to the elderly, leading to a compromised immune system and increased susceptibility to illness. This study addresses this issue by developing an internet of things (IoT) based stress level detection system utilizing fuzzy logic methods. The device measures multiple physiological parameters and processes the data using an ESP32 microcontroller. This allows individuals to monitor and understand their stress levels efficiently and automatically through a liquid crystal display (LCD) display and Android devices. The system integrates various sensors to capture vital signs such as heart rate (HR), respiration rate, and body temperature. These readings are then analyzed using its algorithms to determine the stress level, which is displayed on both the onboard LCD and the connected Android device via an IoT interface. This real-time feedback mechanism empowers users to take proactive measures in stress management. Testing and validation of the device were conducted by comparing its readings with the depression anxiety stress scales (DASS-42) test results. The comparison showed an 80% correlation, demonstrating the device’s accuracy and reliability in detecting stress levels. This innovative approach leverages the advantages of IoT and fuzzy logic to provide a practical and effective solution for stress monitoring and management.
Volume: 15
Issue: 2
Page: 2499-2512
Publish at: 2025-04-01

Efficiency improvement of 50 Hz wireless photovoltaic power transfer using magnetic relay

10.11591/ijece.v15i2.pp1322-1331
Muhammad Irwanto , Nor Hanisah Baharudin , Yoga Tri Nugraha , Indra Nisja
A photovoltaic direct current (DC) power can be changed into AC power using an inverter. The inverter must be connected to an alternating current (AC) load using wire, which has drawbacks in terms of air space, wire cost, and an unattractive view of the sky. It is appropriate to suggest a wireless power transfer (WPT) system concept to replace the use of wires in the transfer of electrical power. The WPT system has been conducted by the previous researchers, but it is still in the frequency system of hundred, kilo, mega or gigahertz, thus it can only be applied on DC load after rectifying it, but cannot be applied for a normal AC load, also its distance is relative near. The modelling of wireless photovoltaic power transfer (WPVPT) with a 50 Hz system frequency is presented in this work. The four modelling components that create the WPVPT system are models of the PV module, the transmitter circuit, the magnetic relay, and the receiver circuit. The findings indicate that the efficiency of the proposed WPVPT system is 71.27% without a magnetic relay and 72.82% with a magnetic relay. It suggests that the use of magnetic relay can improve the WPVPT system's efficiency.
Volume: 15
Issue: 2
Page: 1322-1331
Publish at: 2025-04-01

Revolutionizing nonrigid demons registration with the whale optimization algorithm

10.11591/ijece.v15i2.pp2372-2380
Abhisek Roy , Pranab Kanti Roy , Anirban Mitra , Swarnali Daw , Dipannita Basu , Sayan Chakraborty
Image registration is one of the popular image transformation models in satellite and medical imaging currently. Image registration refers to image mapping with two or more than images. The ground-breaking fusion of the whale optimization algorithm and nonrigid demons registration (WOA-NDR) is applied in the current work to improve image registration's precision and effectiveness. NDR is an effective method for aligning images that have pliable structures. Nevertheless, it frequently runs into issues with local minima and massive deformations. To address these issues, WOA-which draws inspiration from whale hunting behavior-is integrated into the NDR architecture. The WOA-NDR approach intelligently explores the solution space, enhancing convergence and avoiding premature convergence. With the innovative WOA and NDR integration, the nonrigid image registration process is revolutionized and yields superior outcomes in terms of robustness and accuracy. The efficiency of the suggested strategy is demonstrated by experimental findings on a dataset of monomodal images. The obtained results are also compared with particle swarm optimization (PSO) based framework.
Volume: 15
Issue: 2
Page: 2372-2380
Publish at: 2025-04-01

Prediction of international rice production using long short-term memory and machine learning models

10.11591/ijict.v14i1.pp164-173
Suraj Arya , Anju Anju , Nor Azuana Ramli
Rice, a staple food source globally, is in high demand and production across the world. Its consumption varies in different countries, with each nation having its unique way of incorporating rice into its diet. Recognizing the global nature of rice, its production is a crucial aspect of ensuring its availability, agriculture forecasting, economic stability, and food security. By predicting its production, we can develop a global plan for its production and stock, thereby preventing issues like famine. This paper proposes machine learning (ML) and deep learning (DL) models like linear regression, ridge regression, random forest (RF), adaptive boosting (AdaBoost), categorical boosting (CatBoost), extreme gradient boosting (XGBoost), gradient boosting, decision tree, and long short-term memory (LSTM) to predict international rice production. A total of nine ML and one DL models are trained and tested on the international dataset, which contains the rice production details of 192 countries over the last 62 years. Notably, linear regression and the LSTM algorithm predict rice production with the highest percentage of R-squared (R2 ), 98.40% and 98.19%, respectively. These predictions and the developed models can play a vital role in resolving crop-related international problems, uniting the global agricultural community in a common cause.
Volume: 14
Issue: 1
Page: 164-173
Publish at: 2025-04-01

Automated tomato leaf disease recognition using deep convolutional networks

10.11591/ijece.v15i2.pp1850-1860
Amir Sohel , Md Mizanur Rahman , Md Umaid Hasan , MD Kafiul Islam , Lamia Rukhsara , Tapasy Rabeya
Agriculture is essential for the entire global population. An advanced, robust, and empirically sound agriculture sector is essential for nourishing the global population. Various leaf diseases cause financial hardships for farmers and related businesses. Early identification of foliar diseases in crops would greatly help farmers, leading to a substantial increase in agricultural productivity. The tomato is a widely recognized and nourishing food that is easily accessible and highly favored by farmers. Early diagnosis of tomato leaf diseases is crucial to maximize tomato crop production. This study aims to utilize a deep learning approach to accurately detect and classify damaged leaves and disease patterns in tomato leaf images. By employing a substantial quantity of deep convolutional network models, we achieved a high level of precision in diagnosing the condition. The dataset used in our study work is a self-contained dataset obtained by direct observation of tomato fields in rural areas of Bangladesh. It consists of four classes: healthy, black mold, grey mold, and powdery mildew. In this study work, we utilized various image pre-processing techniques and applied VGG16, InceptionV3, DenseNet121, and AlexNet models. Our results showed that the DenseNet121 model attained the higher accuracy of 97%. This discovery guarantees accurate detection of tomato diseases in a rapid manner, ushering in a new agricultural revolution.
Volume: 15
Issue: 2
Page: 1850-1860
Publish at: 2025-04-01
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