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31,456 Article Results

Analysis of FinFET based SRAM cells with improved performance parameters

10.11591/ijeecs.v37.i3.pp1464-1475
Deepak Garg , Rupali Singh , Devendra Kumar Sharma
To resist the advanced process variation and enable ultra-low power operation, static random-access memory (SRAM) undergoes an expansion stage. The most common type of memory is SRAM, which occupy more than 60% of the chip area. All memories have occupied more than 80% of the circuit area in that day’s micro devices, and this trend is expected to continue. This paper develops into the deployment of SRAM using FinFET technology for implementation, with a primary objective of mitigating critical memory parameters, including parameters named as power dissipation, data retention and noise voltage. In this article, multiple simulations are carried out among conventional SRAM cells and FinFET based SRAM cells (6T, 7T, and 8T) utilizing the Cadence Virtuoso tool with a 45nm technology node. In modern era, FinFET is gaining increased preference over CMOS for high controllability of short-channel effects and flexible adjustment of threshold voltage (Vth) through the presence of a double gate. The thinner width of FinFET (Wfin) shows less degradation in performance in compared to thicker width of FET. To improve the circuit performance, the key factors like area, power and delay should be reduced. In the proposed SRAM cell using FinFET, power dissipation is lowered by 17% data retention voltage is reduced by 7% and noise voltage abridged up to 35% as compared to conventional SRAM cell.
Volume: 37
Issue: 3
Page: 1464-1475
Publish at: 2025-03-01

Synergistic ensemble classification framework: utilizing a soft voting algorithm for enhanced prediction and diagnosis of diabetes mellitus

10.11591/ijeecs.v37.i3.pp1945-1953
Bhanu Prakash Lohani , Arvind Dagur , Dhirendra Kumar Shukla
Diabetes, a serious condition characterized by elevated blood glucose levels, can be effectively identified, and predicted early using machine learning (ML) algorithms. The research provides a comprehensive assessment of three ensemble ML models-stacking, soft voting, and hard voting-focused on enhancing diabetes diagnosis among Pima Indian women dataset taken from the National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, this study focuses on Pima Indian women aged 21 and older, with the dataset comprising critical diagnostic measurements. Two ensemble models were developed and evaluated on various evaluation parameters. The stacking model combines predictions from various classifiers using a meta-classifier, leveraging their strengths for final decision-making. In contrast, the voting model aggregates probability estimates from each classifier, providing nuanced predictions. Both models were rigorously evaluated on a validation dataset, emphasizing accuracy, specificity, sensitivity, and the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) area under the curve (AUC). Notably, the voting-based ensemble methods demonstrated superior performance in predicting diabetes for this cohort. However, their effectiveness heavily relies on preprocessing, base model selection, and hyperparameter optimization. This study underscores the potential of ensemble models in medical diagnostics, highlighting the critical role of data preprocessing, and configuration in enhancing predictive accuracy.
Volume: 37
Issue: 3
Page: 1945-1953
Publish at: 2025-03-01

Comparative analysis of incremental conductance MPPT for enhanced algorithm performance

10.11591/ijeecs.v37.i3.pp1415-1427
Asnil Asnil , Refdinal Nazir , Krismadinata Krismadinata , Muhammad Nasir
The incremental conductance (INC) approach is limited in terms of its response speed, accuracy during steady state, and ability to handle oscillations. As a result, this algorithm is ineffective in situations with variations in solar radiation and temperature, particularly abrupt fluctuations. An enhanced variable step size INC approach is suggested to improve system efficiency and performance. The proposed algorithm is subjected to rigorous testing and analysis with other INC methods for better results. The research findings indicate that the proposed algorithm's tracking efficiency can be enhanced to 99.83% under varying radiation conditions and constant temperature. Additionally, the method utilizing the second model achieves a 99.83% tracking efficiency, while the method employing the first model achieves a tracking efficiency of 89.99%. In comparison, the conventional method achieves a tracking efficiency of 96.36%. Regarding radiation and temperature circumstances, the tracking efficiency value varies for different methods. Specifically, the tracking efficiency is 95.21% for the approach using the proposed algorithm’s, 92.94% for the method using the second model, 83,39% for the method using the first model, and 91.19% for the conventional way. Therefore, it can be inferred that the suggested Maximum power point tracking (MPPT) algorithm performs better than other algorithms under both test situations.
Volume: 37
Issue: 3
Page: 1415-1427
Publish at: 2025-03-01

Correlation between input and output parameters of microbial fuel cell

10.11591/ijeecs.v37.i3.pp1452-1463
Ganesan V. Murugesu , Saiful Nizam Khalid , Hussain Shareef , Saad Saleem Khan
This paper presents the correlation between open circuit voltage (OCV) and pH, temperature, and total dissolved solids (TDS) of an air cathode single chamber microbial fuel cell (MFC) using artificial neural network (ANN) and support vector machine (SVM) algorithms. Previous works used terminal voltages as output parameters to determine the correlation between MFCs' input and output parameters. However, OCV is the most important measurement that can determine the validity of the MFC. Thus, various tests were conducted to analyze the correlation between OCV and input parameters using ANN and SVM algorithms. Both techniques show a strong correlation between OCV and input parameters with the highest R2 values. The highest OCV value obtained from the experiment is 1.179 V at pH 5.26, temperature 299K, and TDS 3,124 ppm. Furthermore, an ANN model was developed to predict the OCV value based on pH, temperature, and TDS value.
Volume: 37
Issue: 3
Page: 1452-1463
Publish at: 2025-03-01

Smart home advisory system based on IoT-enabled sensor network

10.11591/ijeecs.v37.i3.pp1487-1496
Mohamed Feroz Mohd Ashrap Khan , Gregory Soon How Thien , Boon Kar Yap , Kah-Yoong Chan
A consistent drive to make daily living more streamlined and less complex was critical throughout the industrial revolution. Although many applications are available, the general adoption of these applications is hindered by several factors (security concerns, expensive costs, and perceived usefulness). Hence, a cost-efficient smart home system can provide significant advantages without placing unnecessary financial or operational costs on consumers. This study proposed an inexpensive internet of things (IoT) enabled smart home advisory system for promoting healthier living conditions. The system contained numerous sensors for detecting surrounding brightness, temperature, humidity, and dust levels. Consequently, the system demonstrated effective real-time updates regarding the simulated temperature (22–32 °C), humidity (11–53 %RH), light (3–100 lx), and dust (0–278 mg/m3) environments. Blynk software was also embedded as an efficient user interface for the application. Overall, the lowcost IoT-enabled smart home advisory system offered concrete benefits by allowing users to improve their living surroundings while decreasing energy usage.
Volume: 37
Issue: 3
Page: 1487-1496
Publish at: 2025-03-01

Machine learning based optimized sea vessel location detection to identify illegal fishing

10.11591/ijeecs.v37.i3.pp1626-1636
Ajay Kumar , Kakoli Banerjee , Pradeep Kumar , Harsha K. G. , Vinooth P. , Pankaj Kumar , Saumya Saumya , Nishant Nishant , Satyam Verma , Vidushi Bhardwaj
Illegal fishing is a pervasive and destructive global issue that poses a significant threat to maritime ecosystems and the resilience of fisheries. Illegal, unregulated, and unreported (IUU) fishing leads to the extinction of the fishing population. Many researchers have presented various approaches to detect illegal fishing, for example, using sensors, image recognition, and convolutional neural networks (CNNs) but each one has some limitations. Our research aims to compare different vessel gear types to select the best vessel container that can be easily monitored and less prone to illegal activities. To achieve this, our research proposed an optimization method that involves hyperparameter selection using a genetic algorithm instead of a grid search. Using the crossover method of the genetic algorithm our model is compatible with larger datasets and unknown search space which is not possible in the baseline algorithm i.e. grid search. Moreover, after applying the genetic hyperparameter optimization technique, the overall accuracy, recall, and F1 score is increased for all vessel types significantly. While comparing our optimized model with the existing model with different evaluation metrics, our model’s performance is outstanding.
Volume: 37
Issue: 3
Page: 1626-1636
Publish at: 2025-03-01

Visual treatment with AR for children with dysphasia

10.11591/ijeecs.v37.i3.pp1702-1711
Misael Lazo Amado , Meyluz Monica Paico Campos
The language disorder known as dysphasia significantly affects the ability to communicate effectively, presenting challenges in both comprehension and expression of language. To address this issue, the development of a visual treatment using augmented reality (AR) specifically designed for children with dysphasia has been proposed. The methodology selected for this project is analysis, design, development, implementation, and evaluation (ADDIE), an innovative methodology that encompasses analysis, design, development, implementation and evaluation. This methodology is perfectly adapted to the needs of the project, allowing a systematic and complete approach at all stages of the process of creating the visual treatment. The results obtained show that the visual treatment with AR has been positively evaluated by development experts and dysphasia specialists. Its innovative capacity to assist children with this disorder in health and educational settings is highlighted. This approach provides an effective tool to improve the communication and language development of children affected by dysphasia, offering new opportunities for their learning and growth. Its implementation in healthcare and educational settings could have a significant impact on the quality of life and development of these children.
Volume: 37
Issue: 3
Page: 1702-1711
Publish at: 2025-03-01

Empower BreastNet: breast cancer detection with transfer learning VGG Net-19

10.11591/ijeecs.v37.i3.pp1927-1935
Vaishali M. Joshi , Prajkta P. Dandavate , Rashmi Ramamurthy , Riddhi Mirajkar , Neeta N. Thune , Gitanjali R. Shinde
Breast cancer is a major cause of death among women globally, making early detection crucial for effective treatment. This study introduces a new deep learning (DL) method using transfer learning (TL) to automatically detect and diagnose breast cancer. TL improves performance on new tasks by using knowledge from previous tasks. In this study, we use pre-trained convolutional neural networks (CNNs) like AlexNet, ResNet50, visual geometry group (VGG)-16, and VGG-19 to extract features from the breast cancer wisconsin (BCW) diagnostic dataset. We measure the model's success with accuracy, sensitivity, specificity, precision, and F-score. The results show that the VGG-19 model, when applied with TL, performs best for diagnosing breast cancer, achieving an overall accuracy of 98.75%, sensitivity of 97.38%, specificity of 98.35%, precision of 97.35%, and an F-score of 97.66%.
Volume: 37
Issue: 3
Page: 1927-1935
Publish at: 2025-03-01

Attention deficit and hyperactivity disorder classification in quantitative EEG signals using machine learning algorithms

10.11591/ijeecs.v37.i3.pp1580-1587
Syifani Ihfadza Aliyah , Sastra Kusuma Wijaya , Yetty Ramli
Attention deficit and hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) classification method as a quantitative observation has been continually improved to assist medical practitioners. Currently, machine learning algorithms such as k-nearest neighbors (KNN), multilayer perceptron (MLP), and support vector machine (SVM) are widely used. This study proposed a feature extraction method for quantitative electroencephalography (qEEG) data derived from the continuous wavelet transform (CWT) to classify children with ADHD versus healthy subjects. Subsequently, this study compared the performance of the classification pipeline before and after the implementation of principal component analysis (PCA) on the features prior to processing with machine learning algorithms. The results revealed that the overall performance of the classifiers consistently improved after the implementation of PCA. The results highlight the varying impact of PCA on classifier performance, with KNN showing an improvement in testing accuracy from 61.84% to 69.21% following PCA implementation, while the other classifiers showed deterioration in performance. These findings suggest that while PCA may be beneficial for some classifiers, its impact on performance varies depending on the specific characteristics of the dataset and the classifier utilized. Moreover, this study provides insight for future implementation of the classification method for ADHD patients across a more specific clinical range of the spectrum.
Volume: 37
Issue: 3
Page: 1580-1587
Publish at: 2025-03-01

Advancements in seismic data collection and analysis through machine learning

10.11591/ijeecs.v37.i3.pp2058-2068
Sujata Kulkarni , Malay Phadke , Ashwini Sawant , Neel Patel , Om Patil
The evolution of seismic data collection has been driven by the need for stations to capture large volumes of high-frequency signals continuously. These signals typically contain both seismic and non-seismic information. Previous research converted SEED data into CSV format and used principal component analysis (PCA) for feature extraction from the seismic dataset. Machine learning models were then employed, showing an improvement in identifying seismic and non-seismic events. This paper focuses on applying deep learning methods, specifically deep neural networks (DNN) and a hybrid model combining long short-term memory (LSTM) networks with DNN (LSTM+DNN). The proposed deep learning models demonstrate a notable improvement over traditional machine learning technique. Experimental results show a test accuracy of 99.24% using deep learning, compared to an average of 97.80% achieved with machine learning models, indicating a 1.46% enhancement in detection accuracy. This underscores the potential of deep learning in accurately detecting seismic events in real-time monitoring systems.
Volume: 37
Issue: 3
Page: 2058-2068
Publish at: 2025-03-01

Conception of speech emotion recognition methods: a review

10.11591/ijeecs.v37.i3.pp1856-1864
Abdelkader Benzirar , Mohamed Hamidi , Mouncef Filali Bouami
In recent years, speech emotion recognition (SER) has emerged as a pivotal tool for understanding and enhancing human-computer interaction (HCI), thus garnering significant attention from researchers due to its diverse range of applications. However, SER systems encounter numerous challenges, particularly concerning the selection of appropriate features and classifiers for emotion recognition. This paper provides a concise survey of the field of speech emotion recognition, elucidating its classification algorithms and various feature extraction techniques across multiple languages. Additionally, it explores the limitations and weaknesses inherent in speech emotion recognition systems. Furthermore, the paper endeavors to categorize recent research endeavors in Arabic speech emotion recognition, employing diverse modeling approaches and extraction methods.
Volume: 37
Issue: 3
Page: 1856-1864
Publish at: 2025-03-01

Integration of natural language processing methods and machine learning model for malicious webpage detection based on web contents

10.11591/ijra.v14i1.pp47-57
Shaheetha Liaquathali , Vadivazhagan Kadirvelu
Malicious actors continually exploit vulnerabilities in web systems to distribute malware, launch phishing attacks, steal sensitive information, and perpetrate various forms of cybercrime. Traditional signature-based methods for detecting malicious webpages often struggle to keep pace with the rapid evolution of malware and cyber threats. As a result, there is a growing demand for more advanced and proactive approaches that can effectively identify malicious web content based on its characteristics and behavior. Detection based on web content is crucial because malicious webpages can be designed to mimic legitimate ones, making them difficult to identify through traditional means. By analyzing the content of webpages, it becomes possible to uncover patterns, anomalies, and malicious intent that may not be evident from surface-level inspection. The proposed approach integrates a pretrained Word2Vec model with seven distinct machine learning classifiers to enhance malicious webpage detection. Initially, web contents (documents) are encoded using the Word2Vec model, followed by the computation of average Word2Vec embeddings for each document. Subsequently, each classifier is trained on the extracted average Word2Vec embedding features. The results demonstrate that the Word2Vec model significantly enhances the detection accuracy, achieving an accuracy of 94.8% and an F1-score of 94.9% with the random forest classifier, and an accuracy of 94.6% and an F1-score of 94.7% with the extreme gradient boosting classifier.
Volume: 14
Issue: 1
Page: 47-57
Publish at: 2025-03-01

Development of newton dynamometer instrumentation integrated with smart counter applications based on Hooke's law

10.11591/ijeecs.v37.i3.pp1506-1514
Yulkifli Yulkifli , Alwi Nofriandi , Washilla Audia , Asrizal Asrizal , Yenni Darvina , Afdhal Muttaqin , Rosly Jaafar
This research presents the development of an instrumentation system that employs ultrasonic sensors for Newton dynamometer applications. A key parameter measured is the change in spring length before and after loading. The methodology implemented in this study is based on Hooke's Law, applied within the instrumentation devices. The length change data is transmitted to a smartphone via a Bluetooth module integrated into the instrument. This allows for flexible data usage and input through a calculator-based application created with MIT App Inventor, tailored to the relevant supporting parameters. Before implementation, the sensors underwent characterization to assess the linearity of their output compared to a standard measuring tool, specifically a ruler. The linearity test yielded a coefficient of 0.9998, indicating excellent performance for this application. Additionally, the system achieved an average accuracy of 94.12% and an average precision of 99.94%.
Volume: 37
Issue: 3
Page: 1506-1514
Publish at: 2025-03-01

A hybrid approach for hotspot problem using load balancing and advanced ant colony algorithm

10.11591/ijeecs.v37.i3.pp1865-1873
Padmini Mysuru Srikantha , Sampath Kuzhalvaimozhi , Susheela Shimoga Balasubramanya , Sklita Buthello , Sadana Hulugundi Jagadish , Spandana Mallegowdanakoppalu Thammanna
Wireless sensor networks (WSNs) are crucial in various applications such as environmental surveillance, military operations, transportation monitoring, and healthcare. However, due to a finite set of sensor nodes' resources concerning energy, memory, disk, and CPU processing, nodes in WSNs often face hotspot issues. The sensor nodes that are located near the base station, are responsible for relaying data not only from themselves but also from neighboring nodes. This leads to hotspot issues, where nodes near the base station experience higher traffic loads and faster energy depletion. This paper mainly focuses on mitigating hotspot issues in heterogeneous WSNs using unequal clustering, load balancing, and an advanced ant colony algorithm. This approach involves devising strategies for selecting cluster heads, determining clusters optimal number and formation, and optimizing data transmission processes. Central to the methodology is utilizing load balancing mechanisms and an advanced ant colony algorithm to distribute the workload among sensor nodes more evenly and find the optimum routing path. The proposed algorithm shows promise in alleviating traffic congestion and energy depletion and provides an innovative approach to enhance network performance and prolong the lifespan of sensor nodes.
Volume: 37
Issue: 3
Page: 1865-1873
Publish at: 2025-03-01

Leveraging 3D convolutional networks for effective video feature extraction in video summarization

10.11591/ijeecs.v37.i3.pp1616-1625
Bhakti Deepak Kadam , Ashwini Mangesh Deshpande
Video feature extraction is pivotal in video processing, as it encompasses the extraction of pertinent information from video data. This process enables a more streamlined representation, analysis, and comprehension of video content. Given its advantages, feature extraction has become a crucial step in numerous video understanding tasks. This study investigates the generation of video representations utilizing three-dimensional (3D) convolutional neural networks (CNNs) for the task of video summarization. The feature vectors are extracted from the video sequences using pretrained two-dimensional (2D) networks such as GoogleNet and ResNet, along with 3D networks like 3D Convolutional Network (C3D) and Two-Stream Inflated 3D Convolutional Network (I3D). To assess the effectiveness of video representations, F1-scores are computed with the generated 2D and 3D video representations for chosen generic and query-focused video summarization techniques. The experimental results show that using feature vectors from 3D networks improves F1-scores, highlighting the effectiveness of 3D networks in video representation. It is demonstrated that 3D networks, unlike 2D ones, incorporate the time dimension to capture spatiotemporal features, providing better temporal processing and offering comprehensive video representation.
Volume: 37
Issue: 3
Page: 1616-1625
Publish at: 2025-03-01
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