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31,456 Article Results

Reliable backdoor attack detection for various size of backdoor triggers

10.11591/ijai.v14.i1.pp650-657
Yeongrok Rah , Youngho Cho
Backdoor attack techniques have evolved toward compromising the integrity of deep learning (DL) models. To defend against backdoor attacks, neural cleanse (NC) has been proposed as a promising backdoor attack detection method. NC detects the existence of a backdoor trigger by inserting perturbation into a benign image and then capturing the abnormality of inserted perturbation. However, NC has a significant limitation such that it fails to detect a backdoor trigger when its size exceeds a certain threshold that can be measured in anomaly index (AI). To overcome such limitation, in this paper, we propose a reliable backdoor attack detection method that successfully detects backdoor attacks regardless of the backdoor trigger size. Specifically, our proposed method inserts perturbation to backdoor images to induce them to be classified into different labels and measures the abnormality of perturbation. Thus, we assume that the amount of perturbation required to reclassify the label of backdoor images to the ground-truth label will be abnormally small compared to them for other labels. By implementing and conducting comparative experiments, we confirmed that our idea is valid, and our proposed method outperforms an existing backdoor detection method (NC) by 30%p on average in terms of backdoor detection accuracy (BDA).
Volume: 14
Issue: 1
Page: 650-657
Publish at: 2025-02-01

Influence of digital leadership on Malaysian public university branding: professionals’ identity as mediator

10.11591/ijere.v14i1.28286
Wan Rosni Wan Yakob , Yahya Don
The purpose of this study was to identify the influence of digital leadership on the professional identity and branding of public university education programs in Malaysia. A quantitative method was chosen in this study by using simple random sampling. The study population was 13,804 people, while the study sample was 476 students of education programs at Universiti Utara Malaysia (UUM), Universiti Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia (UTHM), Universiti Putra Malaysia (UPM) and Universiti Malaysia Sabah (UMS) involved. Data was analyzed using IBM-SPSS-Amos version 24. The results of the analysis show the digital leadership has an impact on professional identity and branding of public university education programs in Malaysia. In fact, professional identity are also partial mediators between the relationship between digital leadership and branding. The findings of this study are perceived to have the potential to impact the variable models of the study and represent one of the early research endeavors in this field, serving as a foundation for future studies. In addition, the results of this study are expected to provide new input to university management, stakeholders and investors to be used as a guide during the digital transformation process carried out on campus.
Volume: 14
Issue: 1
Page: 124-132
Publish at: 2025-02-01

Character education content in science textbook for senior high school students

10.11591/ijere.v14i1.26389
Kintan Limiansi , Suranto Suranto , Paidi Paidi , Darmiyati Zuchdi
Student textbooks need to contain character education following curriculum objectives. This study aimed to describe the character content in high school science textbooks 10th-grade, analyze the distribution of character content on each topic, and identify similarities in each textbook. The research objectives were answered by inferential content analysis. The books analyzed were two textbooks (one published by the government and one published by a private company). The results showed that both textbooks contained dimensions of the Pancasila student profile presented explicitly and implicitly. The analysis showed that the character content in book 1 was 262 and in book 2 was 463. Book 1 is dominated by critical reasoning (39%) and book 2 is dominated by independence (34%). The distribution of characters on each topic in the two books is different, but both books contain all dimensions of the character profile of Pancasila students. The results of this study are considered for teachers to use various books and learning resources in learning. In addition, the results of this study also provide initial information for future researchers to develop a mechanism for measuring the profile of Pancasila students as a feature of the Independent Curriculum.
Volume: 14
Issue: 1
Page: 28-36
Publish at: 2025-02-01

Impact of self-esteem and overall life satisfaction on perceived social competence in university students

10.11591/ijere.v14i1.30056
Muhammad Kamran , Marwa Saab , Urooj Niaz , Sarfraz Aslam , Amjad Islam Amjad
Positive psychology is transformative in developing individuals’ self-esteem, life satisfaction, subjective happiness, and social competence. The objectives of the present study were to investigate the impact of self-esteem and overall life satisfaction on perceived social competence in university students while measuring subjective happiness as a mediator and gender differences across variables. A sample of 1,168 participants was selected using purposive and random sampling techniques across universities in Pakistan. The study design was correlational with a quantitative method. Four scales, the Rosenberg self-esteem scale (RSE), satisfaction with life scale (SWLS), subjective happiness scale (SHS), and perceived social competence scale (PSCS), were administered to measure the variables. Pearson correlation and mediation models were used to test the hypotheses. The analysis indicated that subjective happiness mediated the relationship between self-esteem, perceived social competence, life satisfaction, and perceived social competence. Moreover, the results showed that males scored higher than females in terms of levels of self-esteem. No significant gender difference existed in life satisfaction, subjective happiness, and perceived social competence. These findings may significantly enrich the literature on positive psychology in Pakistani university students and can assist universities in their mental health programs and sustain students’ healthier well-being.
Volume: 14
Issue: 1
Page: 310-318
Publish at: 2025-02-01

Theoretical framework used in parental involvement research: a scoping review

10.11591/ijere.v14i1.29392
Novia Solichah , Nur Ainy Fardana , Samian Samian
Theoretical perspectives are important in framing a research model of parental involvement. Despite numerous studies examining parental involvement, their findings continue to exhibit inconsistency when viewed through a theoretical lens. A literature review conducted in 2017 examined the theoretical frameworks employed in parental involvement studies conducted between 2007 to 2011. The primary objective of this study is to analyze and offer novel insights into the theoretical perspectives that underpin parental involvement research, adhering to PRISMA guidelines. We conducted an extensive study of literature published between 2012 to 2023 that met the following inclusion criteria: research papers, reports on parental involvement, and reports on theoretical framework. Our study encompassed a systematic search of electronic databases, including Scopus, EBSCO Sciences, Emerald, and Science Direct from July to September 2023 to identify relevant articles. A total of 366 articles were obtained, and 44 articles met the criteria. Four theories frequently utilized in parental involvement research emerged from this study, namely Bronfenbrenner’s Bioecological Theory; Bourdieu, Coleman, and Lareau’s social capital; Social Identity Theory; and Ajzen’s Theory of Planned Behavior. The findings of this research serve as a foundational resource for future research on parental involvement across diverse contextual settings.
Volume: 14
Issue: 1
Page: 758-767
Publish at: 2025-02-01

School resilience through quality management in early childhood education: a case study from Indonesia

10.11591/ijere.v14i1.30384
Nurul Arifiyanti , Siti Irene Astuti Dwiningrum , Amir Syamsudin , Harun harun
Poor management of the education system can cause a decrease in school quality. Moreover, the increasing of similar institutions in early childhood education (ECE) in Indonesia gives a school must have good resilience. These institutions must ensure that the educational programs they provide to children are of high quality, thus earning the trust of preschool parents. This article aimed to highlight the importance of paying attention to school management. Therefore, schools that already have good resilience need to be studied to have an impact on schools that are in the stagnant category. The method used was a case study with in-depth interviews. The results indicate that the resilience schools use four strategies to remain resilient. These strategies include having quality human resources, unique school programs, and school promotion. The research results highlight the importance of quality human resource management, superior programs such as foreign language learning and international curricula, and effective promotion in maintaining the resilience of educational institutions amidst competition.
Volume: 14
Issue: 1
Page: 269-278
Publish at: 2025-02-01

The role of authoritative parenting and self-regulation in controlling adolescent aggressiveness

10.11591/ijere.v14i1.26650
Muhamad Hasan Abdillah , Zurqoni Zurqoni , Wildan Saugi , Ibnu Sutoko
Seeing the many cases of adolescent violence that occurred in Yogyakarta, Indonesia, this study was interested in examining the suitability of authoritative parenting and self-regulation abilities to the level of adolescent aggressiveness. The subjects of this study were 154 class XII students of State Senior High School 1 Sleman. The sample selection was obtained using a stratified random sampling technique. The aim is to obtain student representation from each class. Researchers use the scale as the main tool in obtaining research data on aggressiveness, authoritative parenting and self-regulation. The data was then analyzed using multiple linear regression with the SPSS V26 program. The results of the analysis showed that, simultaneously, authoritative parenting and self-regulation were very significant in suppressing the emergence of aggressiveness in adolescents (F=51.76 and Sig.=.000). Then, both authoritative parenting (Beta=-.37 with Sig.=.000) and self-regulation (Beta=-.35 with Sig.=.000) both were able to have a significant effect on adolescent aggressiveness partially. The conclusion is that adolescents need authoritative parenting at this phase; this is necessary to avoid the emergence or development of aggressiveness in adolescents. Besides that, adolescents must also be equipped with self-regulation skills because most activities are carried out without parental supervision.
Volume: 14
Issue: 1
Page: 452-462
Publish at: 2025-02-01

Optimizing seismic sequence clustering with rapid cube-based spatiotemporal approach

10.11591/ijai.v14.i1.pp737-748
Silviya Hasana , Wina Permana Sari , Rojali Rojali , Devi Fitrianah
Due to their extensive volume and range of features, seismic data is regarded as highly complex data. Earthquakes that typically composed of foreshocks, mainshocks, and aftershocks, exhibit a unique sensitivity to temporal dimension, a characteristic that differs them from other natural hazards. Foreshocks and aftershocks that emanate from a similar epicenter, often display temporal patterns that contribute significantly to determining a sequence. This study introduces a density cube-based approach to cluster spatiotemporal seismic data. It addresses spatial irregularities observed in earthquake clusters and incorporates temporal aspects, acknowledging that seismic events originating from a similar epicenter could occur in separate time frames. We achieved the highest Silhouette score of 0.935 in daily-based clustering and 0.782 in weekly-based clustering. Notably, our analysis reveals a trend where weekly clustering lambda λ tend to be lower (λ=0.01) than in daily clustering (λ=0.1, λ=0.5), thus emphasizing the significance of temporal granularity where daily clustering requires higher λ to capture rapid fluctuations, while weekly clustering benefits from lower λ to cover broader trends. These findings enhance the understanding of the nuanced interplay of temporal dynamics in seismic sequence analysis.
Volume: 14
Issue: 1
Page: 737-748
Publish at: 2025-02-01

Blended learning in mathematic: the fusion of GeoGebra and Edmodo for enhanced problem-solving abilities

10.11591/ijere.v14i1.27713
Anton Nasrullah , Mimih Aminah , Umalihayati Umalihayati , Kurniati Rahmadani , Sri Adi Widodo , Mohamad Husni
This research investigates the effectiveness of problem-based mathematics learning through blended learning with the help of Edmodo and GeoGebra in improving problem-solving skills in mathematics learning. The primary motivation of this research is to develop a learning approach that can overcome challenges in solving mathematical problems. The method used in this study used a quantitative approach, and a quasi-experimental pre-test and post-test control group design was applied. This study involved 72 students in two semesters from a university in Banten, Indonesia, with 36 students in the experimental class (11 male and 25 female) and 36 in the control class (10 male and 26 female). Data was collected through problem-solving tests before and after the learning intervention—data analysis using paired t-tests and independent t-tests. The group using Edmodo-GeoGebra (BL-UEG) and the group Edmodo without GeoGebra (BL-EWG) experienced an increase in the moderate category. In conclusion, problem-based mathematics learning through blended learning with the help of Edmodo and GeoGebra can be an effective alternative learning model for improving students’ problem-solving abilities in mathematics. Therefore, this approach deserves further exploration in learning settings.
Volume: 14
Issue: 1
Page: 423-432
Publish at: 2025-02-01

Online teaching and learning in higher education institution in the Northern Philippines

10.11591/ijere.v14i1.30561
Rashid Ceazar Galanto Ormilla , May Grace Ogano Ongan
The study investigates the shift to online education in the Philippines due to the COVID-19 pandemic and its impact on the education system. Understanding this transition is vital as it signifies a significant adaptation affecting both faculty members and students. Conducted at Ifugao State University, Ifugao, Philippines, we employed a convergent parallel design using online surveys and interviews to determine the perceptions of 30 faculty members and 30 students and their experiences regarding pandemic driven online teaching-learning modes. Findings revealed varied satisfaction levels, with students emphasizing time management and comfort with online technologies for successful learning. The study offers insights into the diverse experiences within the online teaching-learning landscape during the pandemic. It highlights the need for faculty training, flexible class schedules, alternative dissemination methods, and institutional support to enhance online teaching-learning strategies.
Volume: 14
Issue: 1
Page: 505-515
Publish at: 2025-02-01

The Chinese adaptation of turnover intention scale in early childhood pre-service teachers

10.11591/ijere.v14i1.31181
Shao Mingxing , Fazilah Razali , Mohd Mokhtar Muhamad , Nasnoor Juzaily Mohd Nasiruddin , Sha Xinchong , Li Wenling
The issue of teacher turnover is a global concern, with particularly devastating impacts on early childhood education. Turnover intention (TI) is the most powerful predictor of actual turnover behavior, making early identification of TI crucial for reducing attrition among early childhood preservice teachers (PSTs). Despite this, no measurement tool exists in China to assess the TI of early childhood PSTs. This study aimed to provide a Chinese version of turnover intention scale for student teachers (TIS-ST) and evaluate its psychometric properties for assessing the TI of Chinese early childhood PSTs. A stratified random sampling method was used to select a sample of 537 early childhood PSTs. The psychometric properties of the Chinese version of TIS-ST were assessed through construct validity, measurement invariance, convergent validity, internal consistency reliability, item analysis, and composite reliability analyses. The results demonstrated that the Chinese version of TIS-ST has adequate validity, reliability, and measurement invariance across age. The Chinese version of TIS-ST can facilitate the dynamic identification and understanding of Chinese early childhood PSTs’ TI across different ages and can lead to targeted interventions that address the root causes of attrition among early childhood PSTs. This can ultimately result in more stable and effective early childhood education systems.
Volume: 14
Issue: 1
Page: 356-364
Publish at: 2025-02-01

Exploring university students’ perceptions and engagement in game-based learning

10.11591/ijere.v14i1.30494
Burhan Hamadneh , Amr Fikry , Mohammed Talaat , Ahmed Abbas , Reham Ghanem , Samah Ramzy , Mohamed Aly , Ahmed Elkilani , Sherin Mabrouk , Reema Aloqlah
Students in academia are facing serious challenges such as engagement, which causes academicians to question the quality and effectiveness of the teaching pedagogy. As such, new adapted innovative technological tools such as gamifications have been introduced to learning activities experiences and skills acquisition. However, little is known about the implementation of such technologies, which have been relatively underexplored in education literature. The primary objective of this study is to identify the perceptions of students and evaluate their engagement considering the use of gamification in the learning process. There were 210 respondents enrolled in the private university in Jordan were surveyed using a quantitative questionnaire. The study used descriptive statistics and independent sample t-test analyses on the data. The results indicated that the students have positive perceptions of game-based technology in both learning and classroom activity engagement. In addition, student perceptions and engagement did not differ significantly based on age or gender, but significant differences based on user experience were identified. These findings provide insight into the dynamic interaction between students and gamified technology to enhance student perceptions and promote meaningful learning. This research also provides implications on gamification literacy education and the pedagogically rich design of educational games to enhance student engagement. The recommendations are enumerated based on the obtained findings.
Volume: 14
Issue: 1
Page: 525-534
Publish at: 2025-02-01

Performance analysis of a neuromodel for breast histopathology decision support system

10.11591/ijai.v14.i1.pp102-108
Adedayo Olukayode Ojo , Adetoro Mayowa Sola , Florence Omolara Ojo , Moses Onibonoje Oluwafemi
Breast cancer detection and diagnosis are crucial in reducing mortality rates among women globally. This research article explores an artificial intelligence technique for early breast cancer detection, aiding doctors in making informed decisions for improved patient management. The study employs histopathological analysis of breast tissue microscopically to detect abnormalities, with the aim of categorizing normal tissue, benign lesions, in situ carcinoma, and invasive carcinoma. The proposed technique utilizes an artificial neural network trained using the resilient backpropagation algorithm (RP_ANN). The study further compares the observed performance with those of three other algorithms, including gradient descent algorithm (GDA_ANN), Levenberg-Marquardt algorithm (LM_ANN), and layer sensitivity-based (LSB_ANN) algorithm based on various evaluation metrics. RP_ANN and LSB_ANN demonstrated superior performance, with high validation and training variance accounted for (VAF) and low root mean squared error (RMSE). The results underscore the potential of deep learning-based algorithms for improving breast cancer detection, promising better patient outcomes and enhanced diagnostic accuracy.
Volume: 14
Issue: 1
Page: 102-108
Publish at: 2025-02-01

Generic green skills: maturity level of vocational education teachers and students in Indonesia

10.11591/ijere.v14i1.29191
Farid Mutohhari , Putu Sudira , Pardjono Pardjono , Suyitno Suyitno , Warju Warju , Fajar Danur Isnantyo , Nuur Wachid Abdul Majid
Vocational education (VE) is one of the institutions that must answer environmental problems by providing green job skills to its students. However, VE in Indonesia still experience various obstacles in providing this provision, so the aim of this research aims to analyze the extent of the level of green skills (GS) in teachers and students in this country, which includes the dimensions of cognitive, interpersonal and intrapersonal competence as an illustration for developing a priority scale for improvement. In addition, examining the differences and correlations between dimensions and the contribution of dimensions to GS as a whole is an additional goal. The survey method was carried out using a generic GS questionnaire instrument in VE that have Adiwiyata status. Data were analyzed using three stages: descriptive analysis, ANOVA-post hoc Tukey test, and path analysis. As a result, students’ GS still show a low category, while teachers get a high category. Between dimensions show no significant differences. Finally, all competencies have a significant relationship and can construct overall GS. These results indicate that there is still a need to strengthen teacher competencies in GS-based learning management and strengthen collaboration with all levels of society.
Volume: 14
Issue: 1
Page: 179-187
Publish at: 2025-02-01

Method for developing and partitioning graph-based data warehouses using association rules

10.11591/ijai.v14.i1.pp810-821
Redouane Labzioui , Khadija Letrache , Mohammed Ramdani
The evolution of modern databases has led to a variety of not only structured query language (NoSQL) models, particularly graph-oriented-databases. This growth has encouraged businesses to explore graph-based business intelligence (BI) solutions. This paper explores three essential aspects in the domain of graph warehouse: the establishment of efficient graph warehouses, the significance of data historization, and the development of effective strategies for graph partitioning. It starts by building a BI system within a graph database. Subsequently, the paper emphasizes the pivotal role of data historization, highlighting the slowly graph changing dimension (SGCD) approach as a versatile framework for accommodating varied dimensional changes, additionally; the paper introduces a novel partitioning strategy utilizing association rules algorithms, for optimized and scalable graph warehouse management.
Volume: 14
Issue: 1
Page: 810-821
Publish at: 2025-02-01
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