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A review of codebook design methods for sparse code multiple access

10.11591/ijeecs.v22.i2.pp927-935
Syed Aamer Hussain , Norulhusna Ahmad , Ibraheem Shayea , Hazilah Mad Kaidi , Liza Abdul Latiff , Norliza Mohamed , Suriani Mohd Sam
The progressions in telecommunication beyond the 5th generation have created a need to improve research drifts. The current 5G study has an important focus on non-orthogonal multiple access (NOMA) technology. sparse code multiple access (SCMA) is a promising technique within NOMA, enhancing the multi-user handling capability of next-generation communication. In the SCMA sphere, codebook designing and optimisation are essential research matters. This study conversed with different codebook design practises existing in the literature, analysing them for numerous parameters, including bit error rate (BER), an optimisation technique, and channel settings. From the analysis, the paper presents the efficiency of different approaches. The article also discusses the prospects and challenges of SCMA optimisation in practical implementation in various domains.
Volume: 22
Issue: 2
Page: 927-935
Publish at: 2021-05-01

Hybrid NRZ/RZ line coding scheme based hybrid FSO/FO dual channel communication systems

10.11591/ijeecs.v22.i2.pp866-873
Mahmoud M. A. Eid , Ahmed Nabih zaki Rashed
This study simulates the hybrid non return to zero (NRZ)/return to zero (RZ) line coding scheme based hybrid free space optics (FSO)/fiber optics (FO) dual channel communication systems. The max Q factor/Min BER are simulated after APD receiver based both erbium doped fiber amplifiers (EDFAs) and wide band traveling wave semiconductor optical amplifiers (WBTWSOAs) with 50 km fiber channel and 4 km FSO channel. Max SPAL/min noise SPAL, max signal power amplitude/min noise signal power variations with spectral frequency, and the total electrical power are demonstrated and clarified in this proposed study. This work emphasized that the fiber channel is reached up to 100 km reach and FSO channel can be also extended to 4 km reach with 40 Gbps.
Volume: 22
Issue: 2
Page: 866-873
Publish at: 2021-05-01

Development of an IoT-based water and power monitoring system for residential building

10.11591/ijeecs.v22.i2.pp744-751
Leah Santos , John Carlo Bautista , Matt William Estanque , Christian John Paloa , Ana Beatrice Villaran
This study provides information between tenants and landlords on the use of the Internet of Things for power and water monitoring systems. It is one way to make reading meters and water meters easier to access using the available internet connection. The developed application using the android studio software is installed on a smartphone/tablet and verified to fully working on android versions from 4.1 (jellybean) to android 9.0 (pie). Tests were carried out in a household where the prototype was installed in a residential apartment. The data collected was monitored in the application and viewed by tenants and landlords. The results from the mean comparison of the power and volume readings measured by the wattmeter and water meter claim that the readings from the conventional meters and designed prototype have no significant difference using the Mann-Whitney U test. Evaluations were conducted showing that the device and the developed application using IoT is reliable, accurate, functional and user-friendly to use by tenants and landlords.
Volume: 22
Issue: 2
Page: 744-751
Publish at: 2021-05-01

Exploiting non-orthogonal multiple access in device-to-device communication

10.11591/ijeecs.v22.i2.pp919-926
Sang Hoon Lee , Soo Young Shin
This paper proposes an uplink non-orthogonal multiple access (NOMA) system with device-to-device (D2D) communication, enabling NOMA users to communicate with other users/devices using D2D communication to improve the system capacity. In the NOMA-D2D system, two cellular users communicated with the BS using uplink NOMA, and two cellular users simultaneously communicated with the D2D users using downlink NOMA. Closed-form solutions for the ergodic sum capacity of the proposed system are derived analytically. The analytical results are validated via simulations and they are compared with the results obtained from conventional schemes. The comparison shows that, in scenarios where efficient interference cancellation can be achieved, the proposed NOMA system with the D2D model can achieve higher capacity gains than conventional benchmark schemes. When  dB, NOMA-D2D achieves capacity gains of 192.2% and 157.5% over the conventional OMA and the time-sharing-based NOMA, respectively.
Volume: 22
Issue: 2
Page: 919-926
Publish at: 2021-05-01

Frequency response analysis of dielectric materials in a parallel-plate transmission line

10.11591/ijeecs.v22.i2.pp893-901
Aaron Don Munsayac Africa , Gregory James Pe , Robert Ianny Roy Quijano
A transmission line allows different frequencies to conduct alternating current (AC). They are a peculiar type of wire that allows signal transmission while making it resistant to external noises. A parallel-plate transmission line is a type of transmission line designed with two parallel plates with a dielectric sheet material in the center, as the name implies. The parallel-plate transmission lines are usually used for a miniature setup in which the line prevents the signal from losing power. However, the line's frequency response is a varying setup in which a change in a parameter can fully change the frequency response of the line, and in turn trigger inefficiency. With this, different factors such as the conductor, the size, and the dielectric material of the parallel-plate transmission line can affect its frequency response. Specifically, the analysis of the transmission would test the various frequency responses when the dielectric sheet content is varied. The researchers will carry out experiments on air, Teflon, plexiglass, and E type glass dielectrics.
Volume: 22
Issue: 2
Page: 893-901
Publish at: 2021-05-01

Data communication for drone-enabled internet of things

10.11591/ijeecs.v22.i2.pp1216-1222
Yousra Abdul Alsahib S. Aldeen , Haider Mohammed Abdulhadi
Internet of things (IoT) is one of the prominent emerged technology of interconnected devices for people convenient and smart services. Recent advancement in this area caused various new challenges especially deployment of infrastructure. In order to fulfill the network requirements, the dynamic and dedicated drone networks have designed as a cost effective and flexible solution. The technologies of IoT and drone are emerged to collect, forward the data for further process. Data communication among drones and IoT infrastructure is new area of research where various different existing protocol are used. However, still this area need attention due to mobility of drones, obstacles and interferences in these networks. This paper proposes a Drone enabled Data Communication for Internet of Things (DDC-IoT) as a data communication solution for IoT networks, data collection centers and drones. The proposed data commination solution is tested in simulation to analyze its performance especially for real time critical applications in terms of data throughput and data delay.
Volume: 22
Issue: 2
Page: 1216-1222
Publish at: 2021-05-01

Dual-band bandpass filter based on two U-shaped defected microstrip structure

10.11591/ijeecs.v22.i2.pp909-918
Mussa Mabrok , Zahriladha Zakaria , Yully Masrukin , Tole Sutikno
This paper presents design of dual-band bandpass filter by integrating conventional quarter-wavelength short circuit stubs bandpass filter with U-shaped defected microstrip structure notch filter. Based on the parametric analysis, it is found that high attenuation level can be achieved by using two U-shaped defected microstrip structure separated by specific distance. The designed circuit simulated using advanced design system and fabricated based on Roger 4350B. The simulation results are in good agreement with measured results. The designed filter covered two pass bands centered at 2.51 GHz and 3.59 GHz with 3-dB fractional bandwidth of 15.94% and 15.86%, respectively, return losses better than 15 dB, and insertion losses better than 1 dB. The designed device can be used for wireless communication applications such as WLAN and WiMAX.
Volume: 22
Issue: 2
Page: 909-918
Publish at: 2021-05-01

An efficient NSCE algorithm for multi-objective reactive power system compensation with UPFC

10.11591/ijeecs.v22.i2.pp648-659
Messaoud Belazzoug , Abdallah Chanane , Karim Sebaa
This paper proposes a novel approach based on the NSCE (elitist non dominated sorting cross entropy), for the optimization of the location and the size of a flexible AC transmission system device (FACTS) namely: unified power flow controller (UPFC) to achieve the optimal reactive power flow (ORPF). In the present work, the main objective is to minimize the real power losses, the cost investment of several UPFC and the deviation voltages using intelligent algorithms. The proposed study is multiobjective, in which, the power generator buses, the control voltages, the ratio tap changer of transformers and the reactive power injections from installed UPFC are considered as control variables. The proposed NSCE algorithm is validated on IEEE 30-bus test system. A comparison with elitist non dominated sorting genetic algorithm (NSGA-II) and a regularity model-based multiobjective estimation of distribution algorithm (RM-MEDA) is done and completed with hybridization of them.
Volume: 22
Issue: 2
Page: 648-659
Publish at: 2021-05-01

Comparative study of off-grid and grid-connected hybrid power system: issues, future prospects and policy framework

10.11591/ijeecs.v22.i2.pp752-759
Bankole Adebanji , Oluwaseun Atoki , Taiwo Fasina , Oluwumi Adetan , Adewale Abe
A sustainable energy system is of utmost importance for any significant development in any nation.This work identified some obstacles inhibiting rapid renewable energy growth in Nigeria and recommended some policy measures in overcoming them. Moreover, a comparative study of off-grid (OG) and grid-connected (GC) small hydro-solar photovoltaic-diesel hybrid system was carried out using Oyan river, Abeokuta, Nigeria as a case study. The hybrid components were modeled with and without the grid. The hydro solar resources data of the area were collected and analyzed using hybrid optimization model for electric renewable (HOMER) software. The simulation results proved that the GC hybrid power system is better than the OG hybrid power system in technical and economic terms depending on the location. This paper, therefore, proposed the use of OG hybrid power system for electrification of distant villages especially where extending the grid seems infeasible and the use of GC hybrid power system in the urban areas. The work will assist power sector stakeholders in making informed decisions towards the growth of hybrid power system technology in Nigeria.
Volume: 22
Issue: 2
Page: 752-759
Publish at: 2021-05-01

Validation test on 3d heart phantom for mitral valve leaflet tracking

10.11591/ijeecs.v22.i2.pp717-725
Lina Farhana Mahadi , Nabilah Ibrahim , Shahnoor Shanta , Hideyuki Hasegawa
Mitral valve movement is essential to be identified in order to monitor the abnormality of blood flow in right side of heart. The estimation and tracking of mitral valve has seldom been investigated since it required high temporal rate to scan the echocardiography images and it depends on the operator to capture the low-speckle and-noise images. This study presents the validation experiment performed on heart phantom made of thermoplastic polyurethane (TPU) filament which the objective is to validate the previous features tracking technique implemented in mitral valve locating in video frames using Kanade-Lucas-Tomasi (KLT) algorithm. The outcome was able to automatically detect the edge of mitral valve and thus in future, it manages to predict the flowing of blood pattern. An in-vitro experiment was conducted which involved a valve phantom scanning in water tank that connected to water pump. It was found in this study that the technique capable to detect and visualize the mitral valve up to 59 frames in 2.36 secondsby tracking the features of minimum eigenvalue within the selected region. It was also produced a good agreement of valve distance between the true value and the measured one, which achieved the minimum of 88% similarity. This yielded the validation of the proposed technique to track and visualize the mitral valves.
Volume: 22
Issue: 2
Page: 717-725
Publish at: 2021-05-01

Improvement of power transfer efficiency of hexagonal coil arrays in misalignment conditions

10.11591/ijeecs.v22.i2.pp638-647
Sianturi Tigor Franky Devano , Taufik Hidayat , Mudrik Alaydrus
Wireless charging by transferring energy between two objects using electromagnetic fields commonly called Wireless power transfer is an alternative technology that is physically installed in an electric vehicle (EV) to charge. Parking alignment is a very important factor in driver behavior that affects Power transfer efficiency (PTE). The proposed hexagonal coil array design in this experiment is to optimize PTE and receiver coil size. The experimental results show that PTE in the tangential boundary plane Misalignment increases by 5-10% when compared to coil array circles and increases by 82% when compared to single coil circles. 
Volume: 22
Issue: 2
Page: 638-647
Publish at: 2021-05-01

A multi-criteria assessment of decision support systems in educational environments

10.11591/ijeecs.v22.i2.pp985-996
Amjad Alowaigl , Khalil H. A. Al-Shqeerat , Mohammed Hadwan
Decision support systems (DSS) are useful business intelligence (BI) tools as they help managers in large organizations make the best out of many decisions. Decisions are based on various types of raw data, models, documents, knowledge, and past experiences. This paper examines numerous criteria of decision support systems in the educational environment. Two effective methods were discovered and applied in this research, the analytic hierarchy process (AHP) and simple multi-attribute rating technique (SMART). These methods were selected due to their abilities to deal with complex decisional environments in general and widely used in practice for the educational environment in specific. The performance of methods is compared using two datasets called xApi-Education and IPEDS datasets. The obtained results based on the measurement of space complexity showed the level of convergence and similarity between these two methods. However, the experiments show that the Simple Multi-Attribute Rating Technique outperformed the analytic hierarchy process in terms of accuracy, deviation, and time complexity measurement.
Volume: 22
Issue: 2
Page: 985-996
Publish at: 2021-05-01

ISODATA SOPC-FPGA implementation of image segmentation using NIOS-II processor

10.11591/ijeecs.v22.i2.pp818-825
Radjah Fayçal , Ziet Lahcene , Benoudjit Nabil
This paper presents an FPGA image segmentation-binarization system based on Iterative Self Organizing DATA (ISODATA) threshold using histogram analysis for embedded systems. The histogram module computes pixels levels statistics which are used by the ISODATA algorithm module to determine the segmentation threshold. In our case, this threshold binarizes a gray-scale image into two values 0 or 255. The prototype of the complete system uses an ALTERA CYCLONE-II DE2 kit with a lot of component and interfaces, such as the SD-CARD reader or a camera to read the image to be segmented, the FPGA which will implement the intellectual property (IP) core calculation with the NIOS processor, the VGA interface to view the results, and possibly of the ETHERNET interface for data transfer via internet. The use of FPGA contains the ISODATA, histogram, NIOS processor and others custom altera IPs hardware modules greatly improves processing speed and allows the binarization application to be embedded on a single chip. For the project elaboration, we have used QUARTUS-II software for the hardware development part with VHDL description, SOPC-builder or QSYS for the integration of NIOS-system, and NIOS-II-STB-ECLIPSE for the software program with eclipse c++ langage. 
Volume: 22
Issue: 2
Page: 818-825
Publish at: 2021-05-01

Transfer learning with GoogLeNet for detection of lung cancer

10.11591/ijeecs.v22.i2.pp1078-1086
Muayed S AL-Huseiny , Ahmed Sattar Sajit
The use of computer algorithms has gained momentum in filling/assisting roles of specialists especially in early diagnosis scenarios. This paper proposes the employment of deep neural networks (DNN) to detect images with malignant nodules of lung computed tomography (CT). The method includes subjecting input images to a simple and fast pre-processing which isolates regions of interest (ROI), that’s the lungs dominated area, ridding the images of other surrounding tissues and artefacts. Centered and size normalized images are then fed to a deep neural network for training and validation. In this work transfer learning is used to readjust GoogLeNet DNN to learn this medical data. This includes allowing final layers of the DNN to evolve while restricting deep layers. In this setting, a rough, unprocessed dataset, the IQ-OTH/NCCD lung cancer dataset was used to train/validate the proposed algorithm. Experimental results show that this algorithm scores 94.38% accuracy, which outperforms benchmark method previously used with this dataset.
Volume: 22
Issue: 2
Page: 1078-1086
Publish at: 2021-05-01

Improved cloud radio access network based fair network model in internet pricing

10.11591/ijeecs.v22.i2.pp968-975
Indrawati Indrawati , Fitri Maya Puspita , Desta Wahyuni , Evi Yuliza , Oki Dwipurwani
In this study, the pricing scheme that will be formed is a model from the previous research model involving model of cloud-radio access network (C-RAN) and fair network management models. This model combines the benefits of internet service provider (ISP) and service quality (QoS) obtained by internet users, one of which is fair network factors. The model used is a nonlinear equation and is solved by the LINGO 13.0 program to get the optimal solution. The results show that the pricing scheme with regard to service quality generates maximum revenue for ISPs. Based on the improved C-RAN model that are classified into 2 cases, the optimal results in the improved model, the optimal value is found in the pricing scheme in case 1 of by conducting numerical computation using  hotspot traffic from local server.
Volume: 22
Issue: 2
Page: 968-975
Publish at: 2021-05-01
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