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31,456 Article Results

Enhanced prediction of chronic kidney disease onset through machine learning techniques

10.11591/ijeecs.v41.i3.pp966-976
Samuel John Parreño , Maria Cristine Joy Anter
Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is a global health concern that often progresses silently to severe complications. This study aims to enhance CKD prediction using machine learning models: support vector machines (SVM), extreme gradient boosting (XGBoost), k-nearest neighbors (k-NN), and a stacking model. The dataset, sourced from the UCI machine learning repository, includes clinical and demographic attributes from 200 patients. After preprocessing, the final dataset comprised 161 samples and 143 features. SVM achieved perfect classification performance with 100% accuracy, precision, and recall. XGBoost followed closely with an accuracy of 97.44% and a kappa statistic of 0.9451. The k-NN model delivered strong performance, achieving 92.31% accuracy. The stacking model outperformed all individual models, achieving perfect accuracy. The models demonstrated high sensitivity and specificity, indicating their effectiveness in distinguishing CKD from non-CKD cases. These findings emphasize the potential of machine learning in CKD diagnosis. Early detection can lead to improved clinical outcomes by enabling timely interventions and personalized treatment strategies. Future research should emphasize comprehensive feature engineering and larger, more diverse datasets to improve predictive accuracy and generalizability. Incorporating machine learning models in nephrology could significantly advance CKD detection and management.
Volume: 41
Issue: 3
Page: 966-976
Publish at: 2026-03-10

Thermal effects of curing parameters on the natural frequency of GNP/Ag ink composites

10.11591/ijeecs.v41.i3.pp845-858
Khirwizam Md Hkhir , Nor Azmmi Masripan , Cholatee Photong , Alan Watson , Mohd Azli Salim
This research examines how curing temperature and duration influence the electrical and mechanical behavior of hybrid graphene nanoplatelet and silver (GNP/Ag) conductive ink. The ink was formulated from GNPs, silver flakes and silver acetate printed on copper substrates, then cured 240 °C, 250 °C, and 260 °C for one to three hours. Electrical resistance was measured using a Two-Point probe, while natural frequency was obtained from experimental modal analysis (EMA) on stainless-steel (SUS304) cantilever beams laminated with printed ink. The results show that the higher curing temperature and longer curing time reduce resistivity and increase natural frequency, with the best performance observed at 260 °C for 3 hours (8.4×10⁻⁶ Ω.m and a 4.2 Hz increase). These findings confirm that a direct relationship between conductivity and stiffness, where conditions that promote stronger particle bonding also raise structural rigidity. The main contribution of this research is the joint evaluation of curing effects on both electrical and vibrational responses, offering a combined electro-mechanical perspective that is not often explored in GNP/Ag ink research. The results provide practical guidance for selecting curing conditions based on the required balance between conductivity and mechanical stability in flexible and stretchable electronic applications.
Volume: 41
Issue: 3
Page: 845-858
Publish at: 2026-03-10

Behavioral analysis across multiple domains using machine learning and deep learning models

10.11591/ijeecs.v41.i3.pp1124-1133
Suryakant Suryakant , Kumar P K
Behavioral analysis.using machine learning (ML) and deep learning (DL) has become critical across healthcare, finance, cybersecurity, education, and marketing. This systematic review synthesizes advancements in ML- and DL-driven behavioral analysis (2019-2025) across five key domains. Our findings reveal that Deep Learning techniques achieve superior predictive accuracy (85-97% in healthcare imaging anomaly detection), while Machine Learning remains preferred for interpretability in finance (accuracy: 78-92%, with explainability advantage). A major trade-off emerges: DL models demonstrate higher accuracy but require substantial labeled data and computational resources, whereas ML models offer transparency but limited scalability. This review contributes by: (1) systematically analyzing domain-specific performance metrics and model evolution; (2) providing comparative synthesis of ML vs. DL approaches with quantitative benchmarking; (3) identifying critical challenges (data quality, privacy, algorithmic bias, interpretability); and (4) proposing actionable future directions, including Explainable AI, Federated Learning, and multimodal fusion. We adopt PRISMA-guided methodology examining 100+ peer-reviewed studies, revealing that hybrid ML-DL architectures represent the emerging best practice for balancing accuracy with interpretability.
Volume: 41
Issue: 3
Page: 1124-1133
Publish at: 2026-03-10

Classification of DoS/distributed DoS threats in software defined networks using advanced deep belief network-long short term memory architecture

10.11591/ijeecs.v41.i3.pp1000-1016
Manjula Maraiah , Venkatesh Venkatesh
With the evolution of telecommunication core and access networks, the next generation networks leverages software defined networks (SDN) to provide flexi bility, scalability and centralized control. Denial of service (DoS)/distributed DoS (DDoS) attacks have been a major threat to next generation networks especially to the centralized architecture of SDNs. The ever-changing and dynamic nature of the DoS/DDoS attacks makes it challenging to detect and resolve them. The existing models to handle DoS/DDoS attacks often suffer from false positive rates and adaptability. In order to solve these problems, this study aims to create and apply sophisticated deep learning framework namely adversarial DBN-LSTM to accurately detect and classify various DoS/DDoS attack types. The proposed adversarial DBN-LSTM model is based on the generative adversarial networks. The proposed model uses generator to generate the adversarial attack and discrim inator to detect the attacks. The adversarial DBN-LSTM model is evaluated using a dataset specifically generated in a Mininet-based SDN controller environment to ensure relevance and practical applicability. The performance of the adver sarial DBN-LSTM is compared with other prevalent models. The adversarial DBN-LSTMmodelachieves accuracy about 99.4%. The proposed work achieves a breakthrough in identifying and preventing DoS/DDoS threats in relation to SDNenvironment.
Volume: 41
Issue: 3
Page: 1000-1016
Publish at: 2026-03-10

A multimodal framework for explainable chest X-ray report generation

10.11591/ijeecs.v41.i3.pp1060-1069
Hamza Chehili , Nourhene Bougourzi , raida malak Makhlouf , hadjer Taib , Mustapha Bensaada
Chest X-ray (CXR) interpretation remains a challenging task due to overlapping anatomical structures, variability in disease presentation, and increasing clinical workload. Existing automated report-generation models provide promising results but often lack explicit interpretability, limited clinical alignment, and insufficient comparative evaluation with established baselines. This study proposes an explainable multimodal framework that combines a dual CNN encoder (ResNet-50 and EfficientNet-B0) with the Gemma-3 1B language model fine-tuned using low-rank adaptation (LoRA). Visual explanations are produced through Gradient-weighted Class Activation Mapping (Grad-CAM) to enhance transparency in the decision process. Unlike prior image-to-text pipelines, our approach follows a findings-guided paradigm and integrates both visual and textual cues during generation. Experiments conducted on public datasets demonstrate consistent improvements over representative vision-language baselines reported in recent literature, with notable gains in BLEU, ROUGE, METEOR, and BERTScore. Generated reports show improved factual completeness and clinically relevant region-level attention. Limitations include the absence of evaluation against emerging foundation models and the need for anatomical- level explainability metrics. Future work will extend benchmarking to models such as M2-Transformer, MedCLIP-GPT, and R2Gen, and will explore clinical validation in real-world workflows.
Volume: 41
Issue: 3
Page: 1060-1069
Publish at: 2026-03-10

Arich and balanced phonetics corpus for modern standard Arabic ASR systems

10.11591/ijeecs.v41.i3.pp1049-1059
Youssef Boutazart , Naouar Laaïdi , Abderrahim Ezzine , Hassan Satori , Mohamed Taj Bennani
This research delves into the creation of an innovative Modern Standard Ara bic corpus, aiming for a comprehensive balance and richness while adhering to Zipf’s law. Building a phonetically diverse Arabic sentence collection yields significant advantages in terms of efficiency, cost-effectiveness, and storage ca pacity compared to conventional corpora. The corpus undergoes meticulous seg mentation into graphemes, which are then manually converted into phonemes, resulting in a total of 19769 phonemic units. Among these phonemes, conso nants like ’Laam- l’ account for 10%, while ’Fatha- A’ vowels constitute 20%. Evaluation of this corpus using an automatic speech recognition (ASR) system reveals a sentence error rate (SER) of 30% and a word error rate (WER) of 15%. Furthermore, statistical analysis unveils that diacritic marks encompass 47.59% of the corpus, with graphemes comprising the remaining 52.41%. These dia critized marks provide valuable insights into the precise phonetic transcription of the corpus. Additionally, the study provides detailed breakdowns of consonants based on their place and manner of articulation, enhancing our understanding of phonetic structures.
Volume: 41
Issue: 3
Page: 1049-1059
Publish at: 2026-03-10

Study of performance the 3-phase induction motor that drives by using scalar and vector control with variable speed loading

10.11591/ijeecs.v41.i3.pp894-911
Omran Alabedalkhamis , Baran Karahan , İbrahim İdiz , Hüseyin Alptekin , Enver Ediz Erol
Induction motor performance and efficiency greatly depend on the applied control technique, particularly in variable- and fixed-speed industrial applications. This paper aims to comparatively assess scalar control and vector control strategies for three-phase squirrel-cage induction motors. Using a simulation-based approach in MATLAB/Simulink, scalar control with sinusoidal pulse width modulation (SPWM) and vector control with space vector modulation (SVM) are built and analyzed under constant, variable, and bidirectional speed loading situations characteristic of a drive system. The results demonstrate that vector control provides greater speed regulation (about 93% compared to scalar control), reduced torque ripple (about 97% compared to scalar control), lower current stress (about 94% compared to scalar control), and improved dynamic responsiveness compared to scalar control, especially during transient operation. The paper is limited to numerical simulations. This paper’s biggest contribution is a clear, practical comparison which provides performance- and cost-oriented guidelines for selecting appropriate induction motor control strategies in severel applications.
Volume: 41
Issue: 3
Page: 894-911
Publish at: 2026-03-10

Compulsive buying behavior and self-esteem among K-pop fan undergraduate medical students in Jakarta

10.11591/ijphs.v15i1.26821
Julia Rahadian Tanjung , Heunice Precious , Mariani Santosa
The rising popularity of K-pop has attracted many teenagers and young adults. Fans tend to purchase idol merchandise as a sign of support and affection, which can lead to compulsive buying behavior. Compulsive buying behavior is one of the coping mechanisms for low self-esteem. This study aimed to investigate the relationship between self-esteem and compulsive buying behavior among undergraduate medical students in Jakarta who are fans of K-pop. A cross-sectional study was conducted involving 97 students, aged 18 to 25, from various medical schools in Jakarta who were actively engaged as members of a K-pop fan club. Data were obtained through the Revised Edwards Compulsive Buying Scale (ECBS-R) and the Rosenberg self-esteem Scale questionnaire. Among the 97 respondents, 35.1% with low self-esteem, and 51.6% with compulsive buying behavior. A significant relationship was found between self-esteem and compulsive buying behavior (p = 0.014). In conclusion, low self-esteem is associated with compulsive buying behavior among K-pop fan medical students, particularly females, which may adversely impact their academic performance.
Volume: 15
Issue: 1
Page: 224-231
Publish at: 2026-03-05

Sex differences on patient safety culture practices among nurses in Karawang, Indonesia: a cross-sectional study

10.11591/ijphs.v15i1.22681
Lilis Suryani , Santhna Letchmi , Faridah Mohd Said
Nurses are critical in enhancing the quality of care and patient safety due to their commitment to caring for patients 24 hours a day and their interaction with families and other health professionals. The role of gender in the interprofessional team is more complex and warrants further investigation, even though it has been increasingly studied at the level of the individual healthcare provider. In this study, we examined sex differences in patient safety culture practices among nurses. This study was conducted using a cross-sectional design at a general public hospital in Karawang, West Java, Indonesia. The hospital survey on patient safety culture (HSPSC) was used. A chi-square test and an independent t-test were used to determine whether there were any differences in patient safety culture practice between the sexes. A total of 75 males and 145 females agreed to join this study. The mean age of female and male participants was 34.21 ± 14.07 and 36.29 ± 12.51 years old, respectively. Age, marital status, and working position were significantly different between males and females (p < 0.05). Females reported to have a higher overall score of patient safety culture practices than males (3.65 (SD = 1.12 vs. 3.11 (SD = 1.43), p-value = 0.001). According to the patient safety culture practice domain, teamwork (4.21 (SD = 1.35) vs. 3.78 (SD = 1.76), p-value = 0.001), response to error (3.56 (SD = 1.93) vs. 3.31 (SD = 1.93), p-value = 0.001), and communication openness (3.881.56 vs. 2.35 (SD = 0.92), p-value = 0.001) were higher among female than male. Nurses must be trained, and professional communication must be improved as a means of ensuring better patient safety. Patient safety cultures vary widely across hospitals, units, and countries, as evidenced by the growing number of studies that have looked at this issue in depth.
Volume: 15
Issue: 1
Page: 126-131
Publish at: 2026-03-05

Workplace spirituality and nurses’ well-being: integrative review (2015-2025)

10.11591/ijphs.v15i1.26888
M. Fahrin Azhari , Johari Daud Makajil , Fredie Robinson , Muthmainnah Muthmainnah , Dwi Agustina , Winda Maolinda
Occupational well-being and workforce sustainability in post-pandemic healthcare systems are at risk due to increasing emotional, ethical, and workload-related stressors that nurses encounter. Workplace spirituality has also been suggested as a protective factor, but empirical research remains fragmented and insufficiently synthesized. This integrative review aimed to synthesize the recent evidence on the role of workplace spirituality in the occupational well-being of nurses. A systematic search of Scopus, MEDLINE, and Cochrane databases identified English-language quantitative studies published between 2015 and 2025. Nineteen studies met the inclusion criteria and were synthesized using Whittemore and Knafl integrative review framework, with reporting relying on PRISMA 2020. There were five themes that included i) spirituality and burnout reduction, ii) organizational commitment and retention, iii) work engagement and job satisfaction, iv) spiritual congruence and interpersonal care, and v) spiritual leadership and well-being. Most findings demonstrated moderate-to-strong associations between workplace spirituality and decreased burnout, increased engagement, and greater organizational commitment. Nevertheless, these advantages were conditional and mitigated in the conditions of overwork, insufficiency of staffing, moral tension, and insufficient organizational support. This review offers a quantitative integrative synthesis of the first nursing-specific evidence to be published after the pandemic and shows that workplace spirituality serves as a complementary resource, rather than a standalone, to occupational well-being. The findings highlight important implications of nursing policy regarding introducing spirituality-based leadership development, ethical governance, and workforce support as part of the broader structural reforms.
Volume: 15
Issue: 1
Page: 160-170
Publish at: 2026-03-05

Spatial analysis of stunting risk factors in Central Java, Indonesia: A geographically weighted regression approach (2023 data)

10.11591/ijphs.v15i1.26881
Sylvia Anjani , Faik Agiwahyuanto , Maulana Tomy Abiyasa
The 2022 Indonesian Nutritional Status Survey (SSGI) reported a stunting prevalence of 20.8% in Central Java. Although various studies have examined its risk factors, few have applied a spatial perspective. This study aims to analyze regional variations in stunting risk factors and their contribution to rising stunting rates. This is a quantitative explanatory study employing the geographically weighted regression (GWR) method. Secondary data were obtained from the Central Java Health Profile and Badan Pusat Statistik Indonesia (BPS) in 2023, using a total sampling of 35 districts/cities. The GWR results indicated that chronic energy deficiency (CED; β = 0.0014, p = 0.068) and exclusive breastfeeding (β = 0.0791, p = 0.087) were marginally positively associated with stunting. Low birth weight (LBW) showed a significant positive association (β = 0.1009, p = 0.041), while access to improved sanitation had a strong negative effect (β = -0.1882, p = 0.004). Iron supplementation (≥90 tablets) was not significant (β = -0.0629, p = 0.134), whereas access to improved drinking water was positively and significantly correlated with stunting (β = 0.3778, p = 0.028). These findings contradict existing theories, particularly where higher rates of exclusive breastfeeding and access to clean water are unexpectedly associated with increased stunting in several regions. This suggests the need for further in-depth investigation in those areas to better understand the underlying factors.
Volume: 15
Issue: 1
Page: 179-189
Publish at: 2026-03-05

Strengthening intensive care training in response to COVID-19: lessons for medical education

10.11591/ijphs.v15i1.22918
Mochamat Helmi , Djayanti Sari , Yenny Sulistyowati , Andreasta Meliala , Tjahja Nurrobi , Tugas Ratmono , Laksono Trisnantoro
Frequent updates to clinical guidelines during the COVID-19 pandemic have posed significant challenges for audit processes, quality improvement, and the preparedness of healthcare professionals, particularly in intensive care settings. This study aimed to explore the impact of COVID-19-related demands on medical education and training from the perspective of healthcare teams working in intensive care units (ICUs) in Indonesia during the first wave of the pandemic. A qualitative design was employed using semi-structured interviews and focus group discussions with medical personnel directly involved in the care of COVID-19 patients at national referral hospitals. Purposive sampling was applied to recruit participants, including general practitioners, interns, residents, anesthesiologists, and ICU consultants. A total of 66 participants were included across eight focus group discussions, each consisting of eight to nine participants. Data collection continued until thematic saturation was achieved. Transcripts were analyzed using content analysis to identify key themes and subthemes. The analysis revealed five major themes: i) the need for continuous upgrading of knowledge and competencies, ii) the importance of innovative education and training approaches, iii) the role of professional organizations, iv) challenges encountered during training implementation, and v) time constraints. These findings highlight the urgent need for adaptive, continuous, and technology-supported training strategies to strengthen intensive care workforce preparedness during public health emergencies.
Volume: 15
Issue: 1
Page: 23-31
Publish at: 2026-03-05

Hepatotoxicity effect of alcoholic beverages on histology and IL-6 gene detection in Rattus norvegicus using polymerase chain reaction

10.11591/ijphs.v15i1.27001
Fitria Diniah Janah Sayekti , Vector Stephen Dewangga , Muhammad Taufiq Qurrohman
The liver is an organ that has an important role in metabolic and detoxification processes. Alcohol consumption will cause metabolic disorders in the liver and can cause changes in histological structures. Interleukin-6 has a profound role in liver pathology and plays an important role in the body's defense mechanism, and contributes to the manifestation of tissue damage. This study was an experimental study using 20 Rattus norvegicus treated with 25% alcohol, and a normal treatment only given distilled water. Histological observations were carried out on each preparation in 5 fields of view. The hepatotoxicity effect of alcohol was observed based on the presence of cell degeneration and necrosis in histological preparations stained with hematoxylin eosin. IL-6 detection with polymerase chain reaction was analyzed qualitatively using electrophoresis. Based on the statistical test results, the sig. (2 tailed) of 0.00 < 0.05 so that it can be seen that there is a significant difference in histological results between the normal control group without treatment and the group induced by alcohol. The administration of alcoholic beverages with 25% ethanol content in vivo for 21 days causes necrosis and bleeding around the hepatocyte cells. IL-6 overview appeared to be stronger in the group with alcohol-induced drinking, it could indicate that giving alcohol causes a higher inflammatory response. This study provides scientific evidence that alcohol consumption significantly damages the liver. Further research can be conducted to increase the sample size and quantitatively assess IL-6 expression.
Volume: 15
Issue: 1
Page: 190-196
Publish at: 2026-03-05

Tacrolimus outcomes in adult kidney transplants: a decade review

10.11591/ijphs.v15i1.26879
Lolita Lolita , Isrovanigoro Isrovanigoro , Metalia Puspitasari , Zijie Wang
Tacrolimus remains a principal immunosuppressive agent in kidney transplantation, yet its reported efficacy and safety vary due to differences in study design, treatment regimens, and patient characteristics. Objectives: To summarize recent evidence on the clinical performance of tacrolimus in adult kidney transplant recipients and identify factors contributing to variability in outcomes. A narrative review was conducted using PubMed as the primary database because of its comprehensive indexing of clinical and pharmacological studies relevant to transplant immunosuppression. Additional databases were screened to ensure completeness. Studies published between 2015 and 2025 were searched using predefined keywords. Of 91 open-access articles identified, 19 met the inclusion criteria and were analyzed. Results: Reported clinical outcomes demonstrated wide variability across studies. Acute rejection ranged from 0-18.8%, while biopsy-proven acute rejection varied substantially (0-85%). Graft loss occurred in 0-15% of recipients and mortality in 0-8%. Major adverse events were also heterogeneous, including cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection (0-16.9%), new-onset diabetes after transplantation (NODAT) (0-22.8%), and tremor (3-28.6%). Variability in findings was largely influenced by differences in study methodology, concomitant immunosuppressive protocols, monitoring practices, population characteristics, and limited ethnic diversity, as most participants were Caucasian. Tacrolimus maintains a strong efficacy-safety profile in adult kidney transplantation. Future studies with more diverse populations, standardized therapeutic drug monitoring, and longer follow-up durations are required to enhance generalizability and support individualized immunosuppressive management.
Volume: 15
Issue: 1
Page: 57-71
Publish at: 2026-03-05

Emotional experiences of Indonesian health science students with self-harm: a phenomenological study

10.11591/ijphs.v15i1.26841
Meidiana Dwidiyanti , Geovanny Serviam Permana Putri Rahamitu , Luky Dwiantoro , Nur Setiawati Dewi , Sri Padma Sari , Alifia Dian Yusriana
Health students often face academic pressure and interpersonal conflicts that can affect their emotional regulation, thereby increasing the risk of self-harm behavior. This study aimed to explore the emotional experiences of health students who have engaged in self-harm through a phenomenological approach. A total of 8 participants (aged 18-25 years) who had engaged in self-harm and came from various health study programs participated in in-depth interviews lasting 45-70 minutes. The results of the study reveal three main themes: i) psychosocial stress as a trigger for negative emotions, ii) the role of social support in the recovery process, and iii) coping mechanisms and the need for professional intervention. These findings reveal emotional dynamics that have not been widely explored in the context of health students in Indonesia, particularly how self-harm is perceived as a strategy to control excessive emotional intensity. This study makes a new contribution by highlighting the need for interventions based on emotional regulation and increased social support that are appropriate to the subjective experiences of health students. Interventions based on empathy and psychological approaches that are more sensitive to the cultural context of the campus are the main recommendations.
Volume: 15
Issue: 1
Page: 283-296
Publish at: 2026-03-05
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