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29,734 Article Results

FSS on energy saving glass for rf communication enhancement in modern building

10.11591/ijeecs.v14.i2.pp537-545
Najihah Zakaria , S. N. Azemi , P. J. Soh , C.B.M. Rashidi , A Abdullah Al-Hadi
The use of energy saving glass has become very popular in the modern day building design. This energy saving property is achieved by applying a very thin tin oxide (SnO2) coating on one side of the glass. This coating can provide good thermal insulation to the buildings by blocking infrared rays while being transparent to visible part of the spectrum. Drawbacks of these energy saving windows is that it also attenuates the transmission of useful microwave signals through them. These signals fall within the frequency band of 0.8GHz to 2.2GHz. In order to pass these signals through the coated glass, the use of aperture type frequency selective surface (FSS) has being proposed. In the present work, SnO2 thin film with FSS structure was fabricated. Microwave transmission through SnO2 coated glass with FSS structure was also analyzed using network analyzer. The result of computer simulation was confirmed and consistent with the network analyzer results that showed the improvement of SnO2 coated glass with the FSS structure.
Volume: 14
Issue: 2
Page: 537-545
Publish at: 2019-05-01

Performances analysis of reducing router in ring and mesh topology for network-on-chip (NoC) architecture

10.11591/ijeecs.v14.i2.pp802-809
Ng Yen Phing , M.N.Mohd Warip , Phaklen Ehkan , R Badlishah Ahmad , F.W. Zulkefli
The size of the transistor has reached physical processor limitation in particular for traditional bus-based and point-to-point architecture in system-on-chip (SoC). Therefore, network-on-chip (NoC) was proposed as a solution. The performances required for the optimization of the NoC are low network latency, low power consumption, small area, and high throughput. However, recently the size of the NoC architecture has increased and the communication between cores to core become complicated. To overcome this disadvantages, topology plays an important role. In this paper, we reduce the number of the router in the 16 cores and 64 cores ring and mesh topologies by connected more numbers of node in each router. Result shows that reducing the number of the router in 64 cores ring topology outperforms the conventional topologies in term of area, power consumption, latency, and accepted packet rate. Reducing router in 64 cores ring topology decrease the average area, power consumption, latency, and increase the average accepted packet rate by 160.45%, 23.88%, 54.76%, and 223.88% over the 64 cores mesh, reducing router in mesh, ring, and cross-link mesh topologies.
Volume: 14
Issue: 2
Page: 802-809
Publish at: 2019-05-01

Design of low power 8-bit gate-diffusion input (GDI) full adder using variable body bias (VBB) technique in 90nm technology

10.11591/ijeecs.v14.i2.pp912-920
Woo Wei Kai , Nabihah Ahmad , Mohamad Hairol Jabbar
In digital system, the full adders are fundamental circuits that are used for arithmetic operations. Adder operation can be used to implement and perform calculation of the multipliers, subtraction, comparators, and address operation in an Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU). The subthreshold leakage current increasing as proportional with the scaling down of oxide thickness and transistor in short channel sizes. In this paper, a Gate-diffusion Input (GDI) circuit design technique allow minimization the number of transistor while maintaining low complexity of logic design and low power realization of Variable Body Biasing (VBB) technique to reduce the static power consumption. The Silterra 90nm process design kit (PDK) was used to design 8-bit full adder with VBB technique in full custom methodology by using Synopsys Electronic Design Automation (EDA) tools. The simulation of 8-bit full adder was compared within a conventional bias technique and VBB technique with operating voltage of  supply. The result showed the reduction of VBB technique in term of peak power,  and average power,   compare with conventional bias technique. Moreover, the Power Delay Product (PDP) showed 1.29pJ in VBB technique compare with conventional bias mode 1.67pJ. The area size of 8-Bit full adder was 10μm×23μm.
Volume: 14
Issue: 2
Page: 912-920
Publish at: 2019-05-01

An enhanced distributed control-theoretic time synchronization protocol using sliding mode control for wireless sensor and actuator network

10.11591/ijeecs.v14.i2.pp688-696
Yeong Chin Koo , Muhammad Nasiruddin Mahyuddin
Time synchronization is very important in a wireless sensor and actuator network (WSAN) as it provides a common time notation to the WSAN. To handle the time synchronization issue, this paper presented an enhanced distributed control-theoretic time synchronization protocol for wireless sensor and actuator networks, named Time Synchronization using Distributed Observer algorithm with Sliding mode control element (TSDOS). In this protocol, an augmented sliding mode control element is used for robustification purpose.  From the theoretical convergence analysis and simulation results presented in this paper, it proved that the proposed TSDOS is the best if compared to another two algorithms from the literature in terms of cumulative integral absolute error.
Volume: 14
Issue: 2
Page: 688-696
Publish at: 2019-05-01

Vacant parking space identification using probabilistic neural network

10.11591/ijeecs.v14.i2.pp887-894
Romi Fadillah Rahmat , Sarah Purnamawati , Joko Kurnianto , Sharfina Faza , Muhammad Fermi Pasha
The need for public parking space is increasing nowadays due to the high number of cars available.  Users of car parking services, in general, are still looking for vacant parking locations to park their vehicle manually. With the current technological developments, especially in image processing field, it is expected to solve the parking space problem. Therefore, this research implements image processing to determine the location of vacant parking space or occupied ones that run in real-time. In this study, the proposed method is divided into five stages. The first stage is image acquisition to capture the image of parking location. Then it continues to pre-processing stage which consists of the process of saturation, grayscale and thresholding. The third stage is image segmentation to cut the image into five parts. The next stage is feature extraction using invariant moment, and the last stage would be identification process to determine the location of vacant parking spaces or occupied ones. The results of this research using 100 test images generates an accuracy, recall, and precision of 94%.
Volume: 14
Issue: 2
Page: 887-894
Publish at: 2019-05-01

An approach to building energy clusters using particle swarm optimization algorithm for allocating the tasks in computational grid

10.11591/ijeecs.v14.i2.pp826-833
Rashedul Islam , Md Nasim Akhtar , Badlishah R Ahmad , Utpal Kanti Das , Mostafijur Rahman , Zahereel Ishwar Abdul Khalib
The proper mapping in case of allocation of available tasks among particles is a challenging job to accomplish. It requires proper procedural approach and effectual algorithm or strategy. The deterministic polynomial time for task allocation problem is relative. The existence of proper and exact approach for allocation problem is void. However, for the survival of the grid and executing the assigned tasks, the reserved tasks need to be allocated equally among the particles of the grid space. At the same time, the applied model for task allocation must not consume unnecessary time and memory. We applied Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) for allocating the task. Additionally, the particles will be divided into three clusters based on their energy level. Each cluster will have its own cluster header. Cluster headers will be used to search the task into space. In a single cluster, particles member will be of same energy level status such as full energy, half energy, and no energy level. As a result, the system will use the limited time for searching task for the remaining tasks in it if a particular task requires allocating half task to a particle.
Volume: 14
Issue: 2
Page: 826-833
Publish at: 2019-05-01

FPGA-based architecture of hybrid multilayered perceptron neural network

10.11591/ijeecs.v14.i2.pp949-956
Lee Yee Ann , P. Ehkan , M. Y. Mashor , S. M. Sharun
The HMLP is an ANN similar to the MLP, but with extra weighted connections that connect the input nodes directly to the output nodes. The architecture of the HMLP neural network for implementation on FPGA is proposed. The HMLP architecture is designed to be concurrent to demonstrate the parallel nature of the HMLP where each hidden or output node within the same hidden or output layer of the HMLP can calculate its output independently. The HMLP architecture is designed to be modular as well, such that if modification to a module is necessary, only the specific module need to be modified and all other modules can be retained. This modularity will be especially helpful when different activation function is to be swapped in to replace current activation function. All calculations in the HMLP are performed in floating-point arithmetic. The HMLP architecture is compiled, simulated and finally implemented on the Cyclone V FPGA of DE1-SoC board. The simulation outcome and FPGA outputs showed that the developed HMLP architecture is able to calculate correct output values for all test datasets.
Volume: 14
Issue: 2
Page: 949-956
Publish at: 2019-05-01

Implementation of a camera system using nios II on the altera DE2-70 board

10.11591/ijeecs.v14.i2.pp513-522
Chan Boon Cheng , Asral Bahari Jambek
The implementation of a camera system with a field programmable gate array (FPGA) is an important step within research towards constructing a video processing architecture design based on FPGA. This paper presents the design and implementation of a camera system using the Nios II soft-core embedded processor from Altera. The proposed camera system is a flexible platform for the implementation of other systems such as image processing and video processing. The system architecture is designed using the Quartus II SOPC Builder System and implemented on an Altera DE2-70 development platform. The image or video is captured using a Terasic TRDB-D5M camera and stored into two different synchronous dynamic random access memories (SDRAM) using an SDRAM Controller. The specifications of the Terasic TRDB-D5M and SDRAM are examined to confirm that the recorded and stored data match. The results of this experiment show that the system is able to record and store data correctly into SDRAM. The data in the SDRAM correctly displays the recorded image on a VGA monitor.
Volume: 14
Issue: 2
Page: 513-522
Publish at: 2019-05-01

Design of on-chip temperature-based digital signal processing for customized wireless microcontroller

10.11591/ijeecs.v14.i2.pp653-660
S.F. R. Faezal , M. N. Isa , S. Taking , S. N. Mohyar , A. B. Jambek , A. Harun
Dramatic rises in power density and die sizes inside system-on-chip (SoC) design have led to the thermal issue. High temperatures or uneven temperature distributions may result not only in reliability issues, also has become the biggest issue that can limit the system performance.  This paper presents the design and simulation of a temperature-based digital signal processing unit for modern system-on-chip design using the Verilog HDL. This design provides continuous monitoring of temperature and reacts to specified conditions. The simulation of the system has been done on Synopsys Software. The result showed that temperature monitoring process is within the temperature range due to the incorporation of an interrupt-based system and with an advantage of minimum chip area required.
Volume: 14
Issue: 2
Page: 653-660
Publish at: 2019-05-01

Optimal design of single-phase 12S-6P FEFSM using segmental rotor and non-overlap windings

10.11591/ijeecs.v14.i2.pp735-743
Mohd Fairoz Omar , Erwan Sulaiman , Hassan Ali Soomro , Faisal Amin , Laili Iwani Jusoh , Enwelum I Mbadiwe
Recently, a three-phase Field Excitation Flux Switching Motor (FEFSM) using salient rotor has been introduced, suitable for high torque, high power as well as high speed diverse performances due to their advantages of easy rotor temperature elimination and controllable field excitation (FE) flux. However, existing FEFSMs are found to have low torque performance as the salient rotor structure has caused longer flux path, and consequently weak flux linkage. Therefore, a new structure of a single-phase FEFSM using segmental rotor and non-overlap windings is proposed. There are two valuable findings found in this topology, first is less copper loss due to the non-overlap windings between armature and FE coils, and secondly the segmental rotor structure has produces shorter flux path to produce high torque, less rotor weight as well as robust rotor at high speed condition. Flux linkage, back-emf, average torque and output power characteristics of the initial and optimized designs have been investigated and compared using 2D Finite Element Analysis (2D-FEA) through JMAG Designer version 15. Based on the 2D-FEA analysis, the average torque has increased by 81.3% to 1.65 Nm, while the output power of 466.5 W, increased of 68.2%. In conclusions, a FEFSM using segmental rotor and non-overlap windings is considered as the best single-phase motor due to their optimal performances and less copper loss.
Volume: 14
Issue: 2
Page: 735-743
Publish at: 2019-05-01

Performance assessment, in terms of ripples and power, of conventional and interleaved converter DC–DC with coupled and independent inductors dedicated to photovoltaic installations

10.11591/ijeecs.v14.i2.pp978-989
Brahim Lagssiyer , Aziz Abdelhak , Aziz Abdelhak , Mohamed El Hafyani , Mohamed El Hafyani
Our work focuses on the design and analysis of an interleaved Boost converter DC-DC with coupled and independent inductors in terms of ripples and power. An interleaving strategy is adopted to minimize the currents in the Boost components and consequently to miniaturize them. The command shift of the switch by the X.T value (X: shift coefficient 0<X<1 and T: period of the command signal), minimizes the ripple of the input current and output voltage and maximizes the power extracted from the photovoltaic system. The coupling technique of inductances of interleaved Boost, furthermore reduces the ripples of the input currents and further maximizes the power extracted from the photovoltaic panels. To determine the variation of the power extracted from the PV, according to the duty cycle D and the switches command shift X.T, the duty cycle, was manually varied (Similar to a MPPT command). For this we modeled, under MATLAB/Simulink, the photovoltaic system, the power interface (DC/DC Boost interleaved). Finally, a prototype of interleaved Boost converter with coupled inductors and a shifted control of the switches was realized. Experimental results have been proposed to validate the results of simulations.
Volume: 14
Issue: 2
Page: 978-989
Publish at: 2019-05-01

Comparative high-k material gate spacer impact in DG-FinFET parameter variations between two structures

10.11591/ijeecs.v14.i2.pp573-580
Ameer F. Roslan , F. Salehuddin , A.S. M. Zain , K.E. Kaharudin , I. Ahmad , H. Hazura , A.R. Hanim , S.K. Idris
This paper investigates the impact of the high-K material gate spacer on short channel effects (SCEs) for the 16 nm double-gate FinFET (DG-FinFET), where depletion-layer widths of the source-drain corresponds to the channel length. Virtual fabrication process along with design modification throughout the study and its electrical characterization is implemented and significant improvement is shown towards the altered structure design whereby in terms of the ratio of drive current against the leakage current (ION/IOFF ratio), all three materials tested being S3N4, HfO2 and TiO2 increases from the respective 60.90, 80.70 and 84.77 to 84.77, 91.54 and 92.69. That being said, the incremental in ratio has satisfied the incremental on the drive current as well as decreases the leakage current. Threshold voltage (VTH) for all dielectric materials have also satisfy the minimum requirement predicted by the International Technology Roadmap Semiconductor (ITRS) 2013 for which is at 0.461±12.7% V. Based on the results obtained, the high-K materials have shown a significant improvement, specifically after the modifications towards the Source/Drain. Compared to the initial design made, TiO2 has improved by 12.94% after the alteration made in terms of the overall ION and IOFF performances through the ION/IOFF ratio value obtained, as well as meeting the required value for VTH obtained at 0.464V. The ION from high-K materials has proved to meet the minimum requirement by ITRS 2013 for low performance Multi-Gate technology.
Volume: 14
Issue: 2
Page: 573-580
Publish at: 2019-05-01

Study of single layer microwave absorber based on rice husk Ash/CNTs composites

10.11591/ijeecs.v14.i2.pp929-936
Y.S. Lee , F.H. Wee , K.Y. You , Z. Liyana , C.Y Lee , Mas Elyna Azol , M.H. Ramli , H.S. Gan , M.S. Shakhirul , Nurulbariah Idris , E.M. Cheng
This paper presents the study of microwave absorption single layer microwave absorber based on rice husk ash (RHA) with additional carbon nanotubes (CNTs) filler loading into the composites. The relative permittivity of RHA and CNTs composites (RHA/CNTs) were measured by using Agilent high temperature probe and 85070E software. The CST-MWS software is used to design and evaluate the microwave absorption of RHA and RHA/CNTs with metal backed plate. The microwave absorption of simulated and measured results is compared. The RHA microwave absorber only absorbed maximum, -8 dB at 10.8 GHz of the incident electromagnetic radiation and the RHA/CNTs absorbed less than -15 dB with wider bandwidth over 10.8 GHz to 12.8 GHz compare with RHA composites single layer microwave absorber. The results indicated that the RHA/CNTs composites have enhanced the microwave absorption of RHA composites.
Volume: 14
Issue: 2
Page: 929-936
Publish at: 2019-05-01

Energy efficient clustereing method for wireless sensor network

10.11591/ijeecs.v14.i2.pp1039-1048
Chaitra HV , Dr. Ravikumar G.K
Wireless sensor has attained wide interest across various industries due to availability of low cost sensor device. Preserving battery/energy of these sensor device is most desired. Recently, many approaches has been presented to improve lifetime of sensor network adopting clustering technique. Cluster head selection play an important factor in improving lifetime of cluster based network. For improving cluster head selection multi-objective function are presented in recent time by adopting evolutionary computing and metaheuristic algorithm. However, the existing model incurs computation overhead due to NP-Hard problem and connectivity issues is not considered. Thus affecting network performance. To address the research issues, this work present a novel Multi-objective imperialist competitive algorithm (MOICA) for cluster head selection and routing optimization. Experiment are conducted to evaluate the performance of MOICA over LEACH in term of lifetime performance considering first sensor node death and 75% sensor node death. The outcome shows MOICA achieves significance improvement over LEACH based protocols. 
Volume: 14
Issue: 2
Page: 1039-1048
Publish at: 2019-05-01

Computer aided system for lymphoblast classification to detect acute lymphoblastic leukemia

10.11591/ijeecs.v14.i2.pp597-607
Syadia Nabilah Mohd Safuan , Mohd Razali Md Tomari , Wan Nurshazwani Wan Zakaria , Mohd Norzali Haji Mohd , Nor Surayahani Suriani
Acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) is a disease that is detected by the presence of lymphoblast cell. Basically, lymphoblast cell is the abnormal cell of lymphocyte which is one of the White Blood Cell (WBC) types. Early prevention is suggested as this disease can be fatal and caused death. Traditionally, ALL is detected by using manual analysis which is challenging and time consuming. It can also yield inaccurate result as it is highly dependent on the pathologist’s skills. Industry has come out with hematology counter which is fast, accurate and automated. However, these machines are costly and cannot be afforded by some countries. For that reason, Computer Aided System (CAS) will be a great help to the pathologist for assisting purposes and it also can act as second opinion for the pathologist. This system contains six main steps which are color space correction, WBC segmentation, post processing, clumped area extraction, feature extraction and lymphoblast classification. Firstly, color space correction is apply by using l*a*b* color space to standardize the image’s intensity. Next, WBC segmentation is made to prune out WBC region using color space analysis with Otsu thresholding. However, segmented image contains noises that need to be eliminated and it is accomplished by applying morphological filter with Connected Component Labelling (CCL). There is an overlapping WBC which need to be separated by using Watershed method to extract the individual cells. Next, feature extraction is made to collect the cell’s data to be fed into the classifier. Classifier used in this system to classify lymphoblast is Support Vector Machine (SVM) and this system is able to achieve 96.69% of accuracy.
Volume: 14
Issue: 2
Page: 597-607
Publish at: 2019-05-01
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