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29,734 Article Results

Design and implementation of embedded concurrent laser missile jammer system using FPGA

10.11591/ijeecs.v14.i2.pp780-787
Chin Beng. Lim , Muataz H. Salih
In real time system, every second takes into count as any extra delay could cause critical consequences. Nowadays, almost every system involving multiple data processing. To handle multiple data at the same time, spatial parallelism is required to enhance system performance and provide multitasking feature. Currently, frequency jamming system only can jam one signal at a time. When it comes to missile jamming, the delaying in processing the frequency could cause serious impact as there will be multiple missiles launched to hit a target. These missiles just need few seconds to hit the target within range. Laser missile jammer is designed, which can jam multiple missiles at a time from different directions. The potentials of Field Programmable Gate Array (FPGA) and spatial parallelism is used in this system, to enhance the performance of the system by increasing operating frequency, system throughput, decreasing system cost, power consumption of the system, and get lower complexity. Quartus II version 14.1 is used in this project as a development CAD tool, the entire system implemented on FPGA DE1-SoC board. Also, other components such as Laser Detector, Laser Transmitter, and monitoring screen is integrated with the board. A signal emulator module was designed, to generate signals for on-board self-testing purpose, this system can detect the frequency of laser missile and create an over-powered signal with similar frequency to jam the missile(s) through diffused plates. All the results are shown on control display. This system had achieved a better throughput and lower complexity in terms of less resource usage (3153 Logic Elements) and high operating frequency (up to 1.6 GHz).
Volume: 14
Issue: 2
Page: 780-787
Publish at: 2019-05-01

Corrupted packets discarding mechanism to alleviate congestion in wireless body area network

10.11591/ijeecs.v14.i2.pp581-587
Wan Aida Nadia Wan Abdullah , Naimah Yaakob , R. Badlishah Ahmad , Mohamed Elshaikh Elobaid , Siti Asilah Yah
Generation of high traffic from continuous sensing and collection of medical data from various biosensors on multiple body is most likely to occur in the Wireless Body Area Network (WBAN). This could be a factor to the congestion in the network. Occurrence of congestion would collapse the performances in the WBAN network in terms of increment in delay, high packets loss, reduction in throughput and packet deliver ratio (PDR). The crucial concerns in WBAN are prevention from the loss of critical data and longer delay in the network as they could result to late delivery of medical treatment and possibility of the increase in mortality. Therefore, this study proposes a mechanism to alleviate the congestion from happening in the first place through discarding the corrupted packets before the beginning of data transmission to the base station. Extensive simulations are done in OMNeT+ to analyze the performance of the proposed mechanism by varying traffic from low to high under different number of nodes and constant Bit Error Rate (BER) and packet size. From the finding, it can be concluded that the proposed mechanism shows better performances in terms of low delay and packet loss as well as high throughput and PDR compared to typical WBAN.
Volume: 14
Issue: 2
Page: 581-587
Publish at: 2019-05-01

An architecture of 5G based on SDN NV wireless network

10.11591/ijeecs.v14.i2.pp725-734
Abeer .A. Z. Ibrahim , Fazirulhisyam Hashim
The unexpected increase demand growth of broadband traffic, rapid advancement in networking and internet technology led to the growth in Internet-connected devices to sensor networks, and machine type communication devices. These increases bring more challenges in network capacity and connectivity. The use of the new 5G technology continues to address these challenges by providing high data rates, low latency, and more mobility with highly and densified HetNe deploment. This densified network brings new challenges to service provisioning in future networks based on the recent network paradigm innovations, Network Virtualization and Software Defined Networking to cope with massive broadband connectivity and enhancement of capacity, flexibility, and scalability. This study sets out to present the key features and requirements for 5G HetNet, SDN and NFV.  The results of this study generally justify the challenges and how to integrate them into future wireless networks through a proposed 5G-based SDN-NV wireless network architecture to enable best network performance and resource management.
Volume: 14
Issue: 2
Page: 725-734
Publish at: 2019-05-01

FPGA-based embedded architecture for IoT home automation application

10.11591/ijeecs.v14.i2.pp646-652
Chee-Pun Ooi , Wooi-Haw Tan , Soon-Nyean Cheong , Yee-Lien Lee , V. M. Baskaran , Yeong-Liang Low
An Internet of Things (IoT) FPGA-based home hub to automate control operations in a home environment was designed and built. The proposed system uses an FPGA home hub as its local analytic engine with an IoT platform to store the sensory data. The FPGA was programmed in Verilog HDL using Quartus II provided by Altera. The WiFi capability of the FPGA was extended through an ESP8266 chip to ease the interfacing with various sensors connected to it. The system can be configured and monitored through a web application coded in JavaScript. Various test cases were carried out on the implemented system at Multimedia University (MMU) Digital Home Lab. The results verified the functionality of the system in triggering real home appliances (i.e. air conditioning unit and lighting) based on multiple sensor nodes without conflicting each other. The ability to allow user to configure the control rules based on the sensory data via web interface hosted using ThingSpeak Plugins is also presented and demonstrated in this project. The base design is utilizing Altera Cyclone IV EP4CE22F17C6N FPGA with 153 I/O pins, which is highly scalable and adaptable to the requirements of home environments. This shows promising application of FPGA in supporting scalable IoT home automation system.
Volume: 14
Issue: 2
Page: 646-652
Publish at: 2019-05-01

Enhancement of optical code division multiple access system based on 2D ZCC/MD spectral/spatial code

10.11591/ijeecs.v14.i2.pp661-667
Rima Matem , S. A. Aljunid , M. N Junita , C. B. M Rashidi , Israa Shihab Aqrab
The combination of 1D zero cross correlation (ZCC) and 1D Multi Diagonal (MD) results a new two dimensional hybrid called 2D ZCC/MD code for spectral/spatial OCDMA system. The proposed code aims to enhance the functional qualities of Optical Code Division Multiple Access (OCDMA) and to overcome the limitations of one dimensional codes. In this paper,   2D ZCC/MD is evaluated at data rate; 622Mbps.  A comparison of the proposed 2D ZCC/MD code to 1D Random Diagonal (RD) and 1D Modified Double Weight (MDW) highlight that 2D ZCC/MD  can support  a large number of active  users even at the higher user bit rate. Furthermore, in term of effective power 2D ZCC/MD can achieve lower effective power.
Volume: 14
Issue: 2
Page: 661-667
Publish at: 2019-05-01

Low voltage CMOS power amplifier with integrated analog pre-distorter for BLE 4.0 application

10.11591/ijeecs.v14.i2.pp895-902
Selvakumar Mariappan , Jagadheswaran Rajendran , Norlaili Mohd Noh , Harikrishnan Ramiah , Asrulnizam Abd Manaf , Shukri Korakkottil Kunhi Mohd , Yusman Mohd. Yusof
In this paper, a low power consumption linear power amplifier (PA) for Bluetooth Low Energy (BLE) application is presented. An analogue pre-distorter (APD) is integrated to the PA. The APD consist of an active inductor, driver amplifier, and a RC phase linearizer. The PA delivers more than 12dB power gain from 2.4GHz to 2.5GHz. At the center frequency of 2.45GHz, the gain of the PA is 13dB with PAE of 26.7% and maximum output power of 14dBm. The corresponding OIP3 is 27.6dBm. The supply voltage headroom of this PA is 1.8V. The propose APD serves to be a solution to improve the linearity of the PA with minimum trade-off to the power consumption.
Volume: 14
Issue: 2
Page: 895-902
Publish at: 2019-05-01

Optimum reactive power to improve power factor in industry using genetic algortihm

10.11591/ijeecs.v14.i2.pp751-757
Ahmad Yani , Junaidi Junaidi , M. Irwanto , A. H. Haziah
Capacitor bank is a collection of power tools in the form of a capacitor that serves as a tool that can reduce or improve reactive power into the power grid. The load on the electricity network in general is an inductive load. If the average power factor (cos ϴ) is less than 0.85, the State Electricity Company will provide the reactive power in KVAR fines usage charges on customers. An effort should be done to reduce the reactive power. An installation of bank capacitor is suitable to be implemented in an industry AC loads. It will reduce the reactive power and improve the power factor. In the case of 380 V, 50 Hz, 500 kW AC loads are improved the power factor from 0.7 to 0.93 using genetic algorithm, thus the AC loads current and reactive power will be decreased. It is suitable that the AC loads current is inversely proportional to the power factor, and the reactive power is proportional to the AC loads current.
Volume: 14
Issue: 2
Page: 751-757
Publish at: 2019-05-01

Development of non-occlusive blood pressure monitor with height correction for home used application

10.11591/ijeecs.v14.i2.pp921-928
Agung W. Setiawan , Nur A. Heryanto , Fadel M. Putra , Febri Suyitno , M. Andre Martin , Yana S. Raharja
Non-occlusive blood pressure measurement method is developed to avoid the use of discontinuous and uncomfortable cuff-based methods. In this research, Pulse Transit Time (PTT) and Photoplethysmogram Intensity Ratio (PIR) is used to measure blood pressure. Two photoplethysmogram (PPG) sensors that are placed on the wrist and one of the finger joints both on the left hand is used to get the PTT and PIR. The name of the device is ARTSEN. During measurement, there is a measurement error caused by the hydrostatic effect when the device position is not inline with the heart. To minimize this error, this research proposes an automatic continuous blood pressure monitor. The device will conduct measurement only when the height of the device is inline with the heart. Accelerometer and gyroscope are used to detect the height of the device. There are 30 subjects that are involved in this research. To evaluate the performance of the device, there are two measurement conditions, during lying in the bed and sit down position. The blood pressure measurement is conducted using ARTSEN and sphygmomanometer (as the gold standard of blood pressure measurement). The average error of systolic blood pressure is 8 mmHg with standard deviation 5 mmHg, and average error of diastolic blood pressure is 8 mmHg with standard deviation 4 mmHg.
Volume: 14
Issue: 2
Page: 921-928
Publish at: 2019-05-01

Gateway sink placement for sensor node grid distribution in lora smart city networks

10.11591/ijeecs.v14.i2.pp834-842
Nur Aishah Bt. Zainal , Mohamed Hadi Habaebi , Israth Jahan Chowdhury , Md Rafiqul Islam , Jamal I. Daoud
Low Power Wide Area Network (LPWAN) is a type of wireless communication network designed to allow long range communications at a low bit rate among things (connected objects), such as sensors operated on a battery. It is a new technology that operates in unauthorized spectrum which designed for wireless data communication [1]. It is used in Internet of Thing (IoT) applications and M2M communications. It provides multi-year battery lifetime and is intended for sensors and applications that need to transmit only a few information over long distances a few times per hour from different environments. In order to have an insight of such long range technology, this paper evaluates the performance of LoRa radio links under shadowing effect and realistic smart city utilities node grid distribution. Such environment is synonymous to residential, industrial and modern urban centers. The focus is to include the effect of shadowing on the radio links while attempting to study the optimum sink node numbers and their locations for maximum sensor node connectivity. Results indicate that the usual unrealistic random node distribution does not reflect actual real-life scenario where many of the these sensing nodes follow the utilities infrastructure around the city (e.g., street light posts, water and gas delivery pipes,…etc). The system is evaluated in terms of connectivity and packet loss ratio.
Volume: 14
Issue: 2
Page: 834-842
Publish at: 2019-05-01

Characterization of a low consumption wireless sensor node for the intensive transmission of physiological signals

10.11591/ijeecs.v14.i2.pp957-965
Ricardo Yauri , Santiago Rubiños , Juan Grados , Mario Chauca
This paper describes the development and implementation of low power consumption wireless sensor nodes for the periodic monitoring of physiological signals with intensive data transmission, using Wi-Fi and ZigBee wireless communication modules, obtaining operation characteristics from the energy point of view that allow to increase the life time of the sensor node. The sensor nodes are designed and built using low energy consumption electronic devices to evaluate their energy performance using current data, transmission time, data transmission period and the relationship with the sensor node's lifetime when transmitting electrocardiographic (ECG), temperature and pulse type physiological signals. The development of this work generates recommendations for the design, development and construction of sensor nodes where the energy consumption of the wireless communication modules is evaluated. In this way, results are obtained that can allow the data transmission period, current consumption and size of data sent to be related to the operating time, defining the operating conditions and wireless technologies that allow the optimization of energy consumption when data is sent to Internet monitoring applications.
Volume: 14
Issue: 2
Page: 957-965
Publish at: 2019-05-01

Directional cloverleaf antenna for unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) application

10.11591/ijeecs.v14.i2.pp773-779
M.S. Safaron , H.A. Majid , B.A.F. Esmail , A.S.Ab. Ghafar , F.A. Safarudin , M.F. Ismail , F. Zubir , M.A. Abdullah
3-blade and 4-blade cloverleaf antennas operating at 2.45 GHz have been proposed. In order to achieve directional radiation pattern and high gain, reflector is incorporated to the proposed antennas. The proposed antennas have an average gain of 2.37 dBi while the proposed antennas with reflector have an average gain of 6.38 dBi. The dimension of the proposed antenna is compact enough to be mounted on an unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV). Simulated and measured results are used to demonstrate the performance of the antenna. The simulated and measured return losses, together with the simulated radiation patterns, are presented and compared.
Volume: 14
Issue: 2
Page: 773-779
Publish at: 2019-05-01

Analysis using multiple free space optic channel with amplification to mitigate haze attenuation

10.11591/ijeecs.v14.i2.pp546-554
A.A. Anis , C.B.M. Rashidi , S.A. Aljunid
Weather severity has unfavorable effect on FSO transmission performance. The impact could result in poor quality of transmission and communication failure. This paper presents the analysis using multiple free space optic channels with amplification to mitigate haze attenuation. The visibility is progressively reduced due to the attenuation effects, causing the bit error rate to increase. Three designs of FSO system are proposed in this research as they are simulated and analysed thoroughly using Optisys software. The achieved result shows improved performance for Design 3, as the minimum BER achieved is 10-127 when the power received is -26 dBm, and maximum Q-factor of 23.6 at the aperture diameter of 40 cm. It is proved to improve the system efficiently in low visibility condition compared to Design 1 and Design 2. It clearly has shown the superior capabilities of Design 3 to intercept and mitigate the atmospheric attenuation in haze condition as the power loss during transmission also reduced significantly.
Volume: 14
Issue: 2
Page: 546-554
Publish at: 2019-05-01

Characterization of cracking in pavement distress using image processing techniques and k-Nearest neighbour

10.11591/ijeecs.v14.i2.pp810-818
A. Ibrahim , M.K. Osman , N.A.M. Yusof , K.A. Ahmad , N.H. Harun , R.A.A. Raof
This study presents characterization of cracking in pavement distress using image processing techniques and k-nearest neighbour (kNN) classifier. The proposed semi-automated detection system for characterization on pavement distress anticipated to minimize the human supervision from traditional surveys and reduces cost of maintenance of pavement distress. The system consists of 4 stages which are image acquisition, image processing, feature extraction and classification. Firstly, a tool for image acquisition, consisting of digital camera, camera holder and tripod, is developed to capture images of pavement distress. Secondly, image processing techniques such as image thresholding, median filter, image erosion and image filling are applied. Thirdly, two features that represent the length of pavement cracking in x and y coordinate system namely delta_x and delta_y are computed. Finally, the computed features is fed to a kNN classifier to build its committee and further used to classify the pavement cracking into two types; transverse and longitudinal cracking. The performance of kNN classifier in classifying the type of pavement cracking is also compared with a modified version of kNN called fuzzy kNN classifier. Based on the results from images analysis, the semi-automated image processing system is able to consistently characterize the crack pattern with accuracy up to 90%. The comparison of analysed data with field data shows good agreement in the pavement distress characterization. Thus the encouraging results of semi-automated image analysis system will be useful for developing a more efficient road maintenance process.
Volume: 14
Issue: 2
Page: 810-818
Publish at: 2019-05-01

Highly sensitive frequency selective surface for structural health monitoring system

10.11591/ijeecs.v14.i2.pp523-528
S. A. Suhaimi , S. N. Azemi , P. J. Soh , C.B.M. Rashidi , A Abdullah Al-Hadi
This paper is introduced a passive sensor to detect the performance of the structure using three-dimensional (3D) Frequency Selective Surfaces (FSS). The proposed 3D Circular FSS results are proved behave as passive sensor with changing of sensitivity incident angles to be apply in Structural Health Monitoring (SHM) system. Moreover, this 3D Circular FSS capable to operate without stand to any (DC/AC) power and very low cost in term of installation and maintenance.
Volume: 14
Issue: 2
Page: 523-528
Publish at: 2019-05-01

Analysis and design of directive antenna using frequency selective surface superstrate

10.11591/ijeecs.v14.i2.pp529-536
Siti Rohani Tajuddin , S. N. Azemi , P. J. Soh , C.B.M. Rashidi , A Abdullah Al-Hadi
The design of directive antenna using Frequency Selective Surface (FSS) superstrate is proposed in this project. The suitable design FSS as superstrate layer is very important to enhance the high directivity and narrow bandwidth on the antenna. By using the FSS layer to design the superstrate layer, there are able to determine the reflection coefficient accordingly to the desired frequency.
Volume: 14
Issue: 2
Page: 529-536
Publish at: 2019-05-01
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