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A hypothesis of state covariance decorrelation effects to partial observability SLAM

10.11591/ijeecs.v14.i2.pp588-596
H Ahmad , N.A Othman , M M Saari , M S Ramli , M M Mazlan , T Namerikawa
This paper analyze the performance of partial observability in simultaneous localization and mapping(SLAM) problem. The study focuses mainly on the effect of having a decorrelation technique known as Covariance Inflation to the estimation. The matrix inversion will be the main element to be investigated through two conditions with respect to some defined environment namely as unstable partially observable SLAM and partially observable SLAM via matrix norm analysis. For assessment purposes, the Extended Kalman Filter estimation is referred as the estimator to understand how the conditions can influence the results. The simulation results depicted that, the matrix norm is able to determine the efficiency of estimation and is proportional to the uncertainties of the system.
Volume: 14
Issue: 2
Page: 588-596
Publish at: 2019-05-01

Surveillance system with motion and face detection using histograms of oriented gradients

10.11591/ijeecs.v14.i2.pp869-876
Ri Cerd Ng , Kian Ming Lim , Chin Poo Lee , Siti Fatimah Abdul Razak
With the rapidly increasing crime rate in recent years, community safety issues aroused a wide concern among public community. Various security technologies had been invented and carried out, for example password door lock, alarm system, and closed-circuit televisions (CCTVs). Although the installation of CCTVs is common in most premises, they require extensive man power to manually monitor the videos. Moreover, the reliability of human operator greatly deteriorates when they are in fatigue condition. In view of this, our project aims to develop an automated computer vision based surveillance system. Unlike ordinary CCTV system that requires human operator to manually observe and detect intruder, a computer vision based surveillance system automatically monitor the security of premises and trigger actions once an intrusion is detected. Basically, it is a simple surveillance camera system that will be setup at the entrance of the house. The reliability is being enhanced by applying the motion detection and face recognition algorithm, using histogram of oriented gradients that could detect the existence of people at the main entrance and try to validate the user. Apart from recognizing the user, the propose system also support mobile interaction whereby user can monitor the camera, activate alarm, and even received notification when a stranger was being detected at the entrance of the house. By including such functionalities, proposed system had highly surpassed the existing surveillance system by not only support monitoring, but also try to recognize the people and inform the user at the exact moment when stranger detected, so that user could take immediate action about it, for example activating the alarm or report to police. The project was executed with expected outcome and objectives had been accomplished.
Volume: 14
Issue: 2
Page: 869-876
Publish at: 2019-05-01

Timing violation reduction in the FPGA prototyped design using failed path fixes and time borrowing techniques

10.11591/ijeecs.v14.i2.pp628-636
Salahuddin Savugathali , Muslim Mustapa , Mohammed Sharazel Razali , Fazrul Faiz Zakaria
A fascinating property of a latch-based design is that the combinational path delay is allowed to be longer than the clock cycle as it can borrow time from the shorter paths in the subsequent logic states. Time borrowing technique is a common method used to satisfy timing violation in an FPGA prototyped design. The purpose of this paper is to review the current methodology involved in SoC design prototyping using a Synopsys Protocompiler and HAPS-80 platform and propose an approach by fixing the failed path in a latch due to the gated clock conversion (GCC) process during the synthesis stage which could lead to the timing violation. Two techniques are applied in this paper namely time borrowing technique and our proposed technique, Failed Path Fixes to reduce the timing violation in the FPGA prototyped design. The result shows that the applied techniques are able to close the timing violation in the design with an average of 90% improvement.
Volume: 14
Issue: 2
Page: 628-636
Publish at: 2019-05-01

Using the Object Mapping Approach from Analysis to Implementation for Developing Student Registration System

10.11591/ijeecs.v14.i2.pp1030-1038
Dhafer AbdulAmeer AbdulMonim , zainab hassan Muhamad , Bashar Alathari
The Unified Modeling Language (UML) is the effective standard language of an object-oriented based system analysis and design. The using of object-oriented approach based on UML specification can offer an understandable model, which can reduce the system's complexity. The use-case diagram, class diagram and sequence diagram are important models of the system development during early stages. The object mapping approach between UML class diagram in the analysis phase and source code in the implementation phase is a significant process in the software development life cycle. In order to ensure the consistency of system requirements from analysis to implementation. This paper presents the student registration system by using object mapping based on UML. The UML specification and the generation of Java source code influenced by specific features of class in object-oriented such as inheritance and the association between the classes.
Volume: 14
Issue: 2
Page: 1030-1038
Publish at: 2019-05-01

Manual clock distribution technique in partitioning stage for multi-FPGA prototyping

10.11591/ijeecs.v14.i2.pp637-645
Salahuddin Savugathali , Muslim Mustapa , Fazrul Faiz Zakaria
As the complexity of ASIC/SoC design is increasing along with the number of logic gates, a prototyping process in the verification stage is facing a challenge when the ASIC/SoC design cannot fit into a single FPGA. A solution to prototyping multi-million logic gates of ASIC/SoC circuit into the FPGA platform for verification purpose is by partition the design into multi-FPGA. There are various implementation tools and platform available in the market which automates an FPGA-based prototype phase such as Cadence Protium Rapid Prototyping Platform, Synopsys and S2C. In this paper, Synopsys protocompiler tool will be used to perform the prototyping process of the large 4 core CPU based circuit into the HAPS-80 FPGA platform. This paper will be focusing on the partition requirement needed to successfully prototype the large SoC circuit into the multi-FPGA. The presence of cut clocks in a circuit after partition stage will resulting to the failure in routing stage due to the congestion error. In this paper, two techniques are used, which is automatic clock replication by the Synopsys Protocompiler tool and our proposed technique which is Manual Clock Distribution technique to solve the presence of the cut clock, so that the circuit is able to meet the partition requirement to complete the prototyping process into multi-FPGA. Obtained result from the proposed technique showing that prototyping the large SoC circuit into the multi-FPGA platform has met the specification by eliminating 100% presence of cut clock.
Volume: 14
Issue: 2
Page: 637-645
Publish at: 2019-05-01

Passive sensor frequency selective surface for structural health monitoring

10.11591/ijeecs.v14.i2.pp744-750
F.H.W. Mustafa , S.N. Azemi , M.F. Jamlos , A.A. Al-Hadi , P.J. Soh
Structural health monitoring (SHM) technologies have attained attention to monitor civil structures. SHM sensor systems have been used in various civil structures such as bridges, buildings, tunnels and so on. However the previous sensor for SHM is wired and encounter with problem to cover large areas. Therefore, wireless sensor was introduced for SHM to reduce network connecting problem. Wireless sensors for Structural Health monitoring are new technology and have many advantages to overcome the drawback of conventional and wired sensor. This project proposed passive wireless SHM sensor using frequency selective surface (FSS) as an alternative to conventional sensors. The electromagnetic wave characteristic of FSS will change by geometrical changes of FSS due to mechanical strain or structural failure. The changes feature is used as a sensing function without any connecting wires. Two type of design which are circular ring and square loop along with the transmission and reflection characteristics of SHM using FSS were discussed in this project. A simulation process has shown that incident angle characteristics can be use as a data for SHM application.
Volume: 14
Issue: 2
Page: 744-750
Publish at: 2019-05-01

A coarse-to-fine copy-move image forgery detection method based on discrete cosine transform

10.11591/ijeecs.v14.i2.pp843-851
Mas Elyna Azol , Nur Hidayah Ramli , Y.S. Lee Lee , Siti Azura Abuzar
Copy-move forgery is a type of image forgery where one part of an image is copied and pasted in other regions of the same image, and it is one of the most common image forgeries to conceal some information in the original image. Discrete Cosine Transform (DCT) is one of the detection techniques which the detection rate relies intensely on the size of block used. Small block size is known for its ability to detect fine cloned objects, but the drawback is it produces too many false positive and requires high execution time. In this research, a method to overcome the weaknesses of using small block size by applying the coarse-to-fine approach with the two-tier process is proposed. The proposed method is evaluated on fifteen forged images on the CoMoFoD dataset. The results demonstrated that the proposed method is able to achieve high precision and recall rate of over 90% as well as improves the computation time by reducing the overall duration of forgery detection up to 73% compared to the traditional DCT method using small block size.  Therefore, these findings validate that the proposed method offers a trade-off between accuracy and runtime.
Volume: 14
Issue: 2
Page: 843-851
Publish at: 2019-05-01

Electronic controlled CMOS inductor with patterned metal ground shields for fine inductance tuning application

10.11591/ijeecs.v14.i2.pp937-948
Nur Syahadah Yusof , Norlaili Mohd Noh , Jagadheswaran Rajendran , Asrulnizam Abd Manaf , Shukri Korakkottil Kunhi Mohd , Yusman Mohd. Yusof , Harikrishnan Ramiah , Mohamed Fauzi Bin Packeer Mohamed
This paper is on an inductance fine tuning technique which benefits from the idea of varying the number of metal plates of an inductor’s pattern ground shield (PGS) shorted to ground to change its magnetic fields. This technique is unique because the geometry and physical shape of the inductor remains untouched from its form in the process design kit (PDK) while the inductance is being tuned. The number of metal shields shorted to ground was controlled by an electronic circuit which consists of analog-to-digital converters and active switches. Both Sonnet EM simulator and Cadence Virtuoso were used for the inductor and circuit simulations. From the simulation, it was found that the inductance increased while the Q-factor decreased as more metal shields were shorted to ground. For instance, at 1.6 GHz, the simulated inductance was 8.8 nH when all metals were floated and 9.4 nH when all metals were shorted to ground. On the other hand, the simulated Q-factor was 10.4 when all metals were floated and 9.8 when all metals were shorted to ground. From both simulation and measured results, both inductance and inductance tuning range increased with frequency. From the measured results too, the inductance observed was 9.4 nH at 1.6 GHz, 10.8 nH at 2 GHz, and 13.5 nH at 2.5 GHz when all the metal shields were shorted to ground. The inductance tuning range was 6.2% at 1.6 GHz, 12.5% at 2 GHz, and 20% at 2.5 GHz. The measured results showed good correlation with the simulated results trend, but with smaller value of inductance, inductance tuning range and Q-factor.
Volume: 14
Issue: 2
Page: 937-948
Publish at: 2019-05-01

Fine grained medical image fusion using type-2 fuzzy logic

10.11591/ijeecs.v14.i2.pp999-1011
Ramya H.R , B K Sujatha
In recent years, many fast-growing technologies coupled with wide volume of medical data for the digitalization of that data. Thus, researchers have shown their immense interest on Multi-sensor image fusion technologies which convey image information based on data from various sensor modalities into a single image. The image fusion technique is a widespread technique for the diagnosis of medical instrumentation and measurement. Therefore, in this paper we have introduced a novel multimodal sensor medical image fusion method based on type-2 fuzzy logic is proposed using Sugeno model. Moreover, a Gaussian smoothen filter is introduced to extract the detailed information of an image using sharp feature points.Type-2 fuzzy algorithm is used to achieve highly efficient feature points from both the b images to provide high visually classified resultant image. The experimental results demonstrate that the proposed method can achieve better performance than the state-of-the- art methods in terms of visual quality and objective evaluation.
Volume: 14
Issue: 2
Page: 999-1011
Publish at: 2019-05-01

Estimation of power and delay in CMOS circuits using LCT

10.11591/ijeecs.v14.i2.pp990-998
Pramod kumar Aylapogu , B.L.V.S.S Aditya , G. Sony , Ch Prasanna , A Satish , G. Sony , G. Sony , Ch Prasanna , Ch Prasanna , A Satish , A Satish
With a rapid growth in semiconductor Industry, complex applications are being implemented using small size chips, with the use of Complementary Metal Oxide Semi-Conductors (CMOS). With the introduction of new Integrated Circuit (IC) technology, the speed of the circuits has been increased by around 30%. But it was observed that for every two years, the power dissipation of a circuit doubles. The main reason for this power dissipation is leakage currents in the circuit. To reduce these leakage currents, we can reduce the width of the device. In addition to this, we can use lector techniques that use Leakage Control Transistors (LCT) and High Threshold Leakage Control Transistors(HTLCT). In this paper, we present a circuit technique that uses 130 nano-meter CMOS VLSI circuits that use two extra transistors to mitigate the leakage currents. The estimation of power and delay will be discussed using LCT’s and HTLCT’s
Volume: 14
Issue: 2
Page: 990-998
Publish at: 2019-05-01

Investigation of lower limb’s muscles activity during performance of salat between two age groups

10.11591/ijeecs.v14.i2.pp608-617
N. Abdul Malik , Z. Wahid , A. F. Zulkipili , S. Noorjannah Ibrahim , T. S. Gunawan , Sheroz Khan
Muscles play an important role in the movement of limbs. They undergo contraction to straighten or to bend a joint for the limbs to move. There are many factors that can affect muscle activity. Age could be one of the possible factors affecting muscle activity. The purpose of this study was to investigate the lower limb’s muscles activity during performance of salat between two age groups. The lower limb’s muscles investigated were Gastrocnemius (GAS), Biceps Femoris (BF), Tibialis Anterior (TA) and Rectus Femoris (RF). The postures involve are standing, bowing, prostrating and sitting. The electromyography (EMG) signals of the muscles were measured using the technique of surface EMG (sEMG). The signals were acquired by using Delsys Bagnoli™ Desktop sEMG system and EMGworks®. Ten healthy subjects from two age groups were recruited in this study. The first group consists of five males aged between 20 to 29 while the second group consists of five males aged above 40. The raw EMG signals acquired were analyzed and the EMG envelopes were developed using MATLAB. The averaged RMS values of EMG for each muscle were also calculated. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) of the EMGs was obtained by using F-test. Further investigation of the variance was performed by using Tukey comparison. From the results, the most active muscle during the performance of salat is BF while the less active muscle is GAS for both age groups. The statistical result show that there is no difference in the muscle activity pattern between the two age groups but there is significant difference among the muscles investigated.
Volume: 14
Issue: 2
Page: 608-617
Publish at: 2019-05-01

-81dB PSRR regulated cascode fully MOS bandgap reference for power management in RF energy harvesting systems

10.11591/ijeecs.v14.i2.pp706-714
M. K.Zulkalnain , N. A.Kamsani , R. M.Sidek , F. Z.Rokhani , S. J.Hashim , M. N.Hamidon
In the midst of technological advance where everything is connected via the internet, IoT is emerging as a potential solution to everything, ranging from health wearables to smart city. An RFEH power management system has promising benefits that could further improve the powering of IoT devices as it has potential for clean energy as well as other advantages which consists of a rectifier, bandgap reference and LDO as the main core. However, the main challenge is supplying clean and low noise power to sensitive circuits such as low power sensors, VCOs and PLLs. A high PSRR bandgap reference that rejects noise at the power supply is needed so that the circuitry powered by RFEH systems would be able to function properly. This paper presents a bandgap with MOS PTAT and CTAT extraction achieving a PSRR of -81dB at a Vref of 0.415V was designed on 130nm CMOS technology targeting IoT RFEH devices that operate at sub-threshold and near-threshold region that exhibits improvement over the base design.
Volume: 14
Issue: 2
Page: 706-714
Publish at: 2019-05-01

FBG sensor strain performance analysis using optisystem software too

10.11591/ijeecs.v14.i2.pp564-572
Muhammad Imaduddin Mohd Razi , Mohd Rashidi Che Beson , Saidatul Norlyana Azemi , Syed Alwee Aljunid
Fibre Bragg Grating is an optical fibre that widely use as sensor to sense strain, temperature and pressure. The advantages of FBG sensor are it will not affected by electromagnetic interference which can improve the accuracy of the result and also can be wearable sensor. In this paper, Optisystem software tools are used to analyse the strain performance of FBG sensor for monitoring knee joint movement in rehabilitation process. Single mode FBG with original wavelength of 1550nm are used to get the accurate result because of less attenuation and absorption factor. This project also analysed the wavelength shifted when strain experienced by FBG change. The accuracy of sensor and method of delivering the result are taken into the account. The interrogator are used to display the wavelength shifted by the FBG when there is change in strain experienced by FBG. All of the proposed designed are tested by using simulation software and the wavelength shifted in the simulation are compared to the theoretical value that has been calculated in this project. The development of this system expected to improve the rehabilitation process towards a healthy life.
Volume: 14
Issue: 2
Page: 564-572
Publish at: 2019-05-01

Safe sailing: GSM and GPS controlled autonomous boat with overweight detection and obstacle avoidance

10.11591/ijeecs.v14.i2.pp715-724
Shadman Sakib Arnob , Adiba Sumaiya Khan , Rashed Shelim , Mahmood Chowdhury
This paper aims to save thousands of lives by proposing a novel technique of ensuring the complete safety of medium-sized aquatic vehicles using innovative ideas as well as augmented adaptations of myriad existing technologies. The proposed system incorporates a warning and danger level detection circuit using transistors for switching purposes when the vehicles are overloaded, and a Global System for Mobile (GSM) based module so that the control room can receive alerts and control the engines of such vehicles centrally. A system for detecting and avoiding obstacles is made using ultrasonic radar with ultrasonic transducer JSN SR04t mounted on top of SG90 servo arm which rotates to detect any obstacles. When an obstacle is detected, two other ultrasonic sensors SR-04 gets activated which are placed on two sides of the aquatic vehicle and the ultrasonic transducer becomes fixed on the exact centre. All the three sensors work together to find a free path for the boat to travel. If there is no free path, the boat will stop and wait for the paths to get cleared. The location of the vehicle is tracked by the Global Positioning System (GPS) and a Proportional-Integral-Derivative (PID) controller has been included along with a system which uses values from the GPS module to come back to its original path if it deviates from the original path when avoiding obstacles. A barcode system has been added where it keeps a count on the passengers. The tickets for the vehicle will have barcodes on them which will let the passengers in only if the barcode matches. This is used mainly to keep track of how many people are boarding the vehicle and to prevent those without tickets from boarding.
Volume: 14
Issue: 2
Page: 715-724
Publish at: 2019-05-01

A simplify fuzzy logic controller design based safe experimentation dynamics for pantograph-catenary system

10.11591/ijeecs.v14.i2.pp903-911
Mohd Faisal Farhan , Nor Sakinah Abdul Shukor , Mohd Ashraf Ahmad , Mohd Helmi Suid , Mohd Riduwan Ghazali , Mohd Falfazli Mat Jusof
Contact force between catenary and pantograph of high speed train is a crucial system to deliver power to the train. The inconsistence force between them can cause the contact wire oscillate a lot and it can damage the mechanical structure of system and produce electric arc that can reduce the performance of system. This project proposes a single-input fuzzy logic controller (SIFLC) to control the contact force between the pantograph-catenary by implement Safe Experimentation Dynamics (SED) method to tune the SIFLC parameters. The essential feature of SIFLC is that it is model-free type controller design with less pre-defined variables as compared to other existing model-based controllers. The performance of the SIFLC is analyzed in terms of input tracking of contact force of pantograph-catenary and time response specifications. A simplified model of three degree of freedom (3-DOF) pantograph-catenary system is considered. In this study, the simulation result shows that the SIFLC successfully track the given contact force with less overshoot with percentage different of peak to peak response  from actual force 2% and fast response within 5.27s
Volume: 14
Issue: 2
Page: 903-911
Publish at: 2019-05-01
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