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Fourth industrial revolution model in the context of basic education in the Davao Region, Philippines

10.11591/ijere.v14i5.33483
Tomas Jr A. Diquito , Jr., Silverio V. Magallon
The Philippines is among the developing countries in the world which significantly affected by the technological advancement brought about by the fourth industrial revolution (4IR). Advancing the country’s manpower in the modern world requires preparedness for technological advancements. Thus, this study proposes a model in the context of basic education to better equip learners with modern approaches to education. The use of quantitative research design and factor analyses (both exploratory factor analysis (EFA) and confirmatory factor analysis (CFA)) was carried out. A total of 550 teachers participated in the study, with 250 in EFA and 300 in CFA. The used of data reduction technique in EFA and model fit indices measures in CFA were used in the analyses. The results revealed three crucial dimensions in advancing education in the 4IR, these are: i) protection using cybersecurity; ii) use of simulation in teaching; and iii) school data management and analytics. Based on these findings, a model in basic education was developed to boost the Davao Region, Philippines’ preparedness to embrace technological advancement in the modern world. Moreover, the findings of this study can also serve as baseline data for other countries with similar profiles to the Philippines on how to approach education in 4IR.
Volume: 14
Issue: 5
Page: 3436-3447
Publish at: 2025-10-01

Building a sustainable future: perspectives on primary school sustainability projects from teachers and pre-service teachers

10.11591/ijere.v14i5.33362
Sena Ölçer-Çevik , Çiğdem Kozaner
Teachers play a critical role in implementing sustainable development education in the classroom and fostering sustainability awareness among students. The foundational knowledge and skills gained at the primary level help students develop sustainable practices and become environmentally conscious individuals. This study examines the experiences and perspectives of primary school teachers and pre-service teachers regarding sustainable development projects at the primary level, providing a qualitative, in-depth look at the feasibility and impact of sustainability education in classrooms. Insights were gathered from 52 participants (40 pre-service teachers with course experience in “sustainable development and education” and 12 primary teachers) using a phenomenological design. Findings show that pre-service teachers primarily used students’-based methods such as group work, brainstorming, and drama supported by mostly Web 2.0 tools and visuals, evaluating learning outcomes with pre and post-tests. However, they faced challenges in engaging students, accessing materials, and funding. Notably, sustainable development projects were found to enhance sustainability awareness in teachers and students while promoting global citizenship and critical thinking skills. These findings, consistent with literature, underscore the role of sustainable development education in fostering social awareness and competency development, offering strategic insights to improve its classroom implementation and the effectiveness of teachers’ contributions.
Volume: 14
Issue: 5
Page: 3403-3417
Publish at: 2025-10-01

Predicting student performance and identifying learning behaviors using decision trees and K-means clustering

10.11591/ijere.v14i5.33815
Md. Mahadhi Hasan , Md Nakibul Islam , Md Ikramul Haque Nirjon , Md Sharif Uddin , Md. Muntasir Mamun , Zaheed Alam Munna , Al Mahmud Rumman
The insufficiency of a strong mechanism to measure student performance and learning behavior has been pointed out as a result of the expansion of higher education in Bangladesh. The objectives of the study are to predict students’ performance and recognize unique learning behaviors in the Bangladeshi higher education contexts by applying decision trees and K-means clustering methods. Validity and reliability of the results are ensured by following methods: 10-fold cross-validation for the decision tree model and Silhouette score assessment for the K-means clustering model, thus improving the predictive accuracy and differentiation of clusters. The study is based on a dataset of student records numbering 1,200, researching factors such as attendance (91.22%), exam results (mean 83.54%), completed assignments (mean 80.54%), and age (mean 23.47). Learning analytics theory is used since it is crucial to apply data to enhance the understanding and effectiveness of learning processes. The decision tree model showed excellent performance with high rates in precision, recall, and F1-scores, which were all at 0.99 for the evaluated performance measures, hence increasing its good predictive power. K-means clustering analysis grouped the students into three distinct groups: active learners, passive learners, and at-risk students. This research urges the adaptation of data mining methodologies within the framework of higher education and strongly emphasizes the important role that an early identification of at-risk students can play. This research is a contribution to the learning analytics area, and it further proves the applicability of data mining methods in predicting academic performance and improving education outcomes in developing contexts.
Volume: 14
Issue: 5
Page: 3872-3881
Publish at: 2025-10-01

Disruption of the biological clock: chronotypes and social jet lag in high school students

10.11591/ijere.v14i5.34472
Gilber Chura-Quispe , Karla Antonella Gutierrez Flor , Julio Berne Valencia Valencia , Javier Alca Gómez , Enrique José Quispe Mello , Americo Alca Gómez
Adolescent students generally experience variations in sleep that can lead to discrepancies between the biological rhythms of their daily lives and social demands such as school schedules, affecting not only their physical and mental health but also their learning process. Therefore, this study aims to investigate the relationship between chronotype types and the prevalence or absence of social jet lag among adolescents aged 13 to 17 years. A quantitative approach was adopted, utilizing a cross-sectional and descriptive-correlational design, with a participation of 524 secondary school students and a non-probabilistic sample of 267, to whom two questionnaires were administered. The findings indicated the absence of a significant correlation between chronotypes and social jet lag (p=0.916, VCramer=0.026). Moreover, the predominant chronotype was intermediate (81.27%), and 83.15% were likely experiencing jet lag. Additionally, 60% of adolescents aged 15 to 16 years have an evening chronotype, and 35.59% of those suffering from jet lag are 16 years old. In conclusion, although the correlation between chronotypes and jet lag was not demonstrated, the issue of biological clock disorders is present among school students, particularly among those aged 16.
Volume: 14
Issue: 5
Page: 4109-4118
Publish at: 2025-10-01

Well-being and engagement: its implications for university policy on administrative employee’s wellness program

10.11591/ijere.v14i5.34387
John Michael D. Aquino , Jayson L. de Vera
The well-being and engagement of administrative employees are critical to creating a productive and sustainable work environment. This study investigates causes of university administrative staff well-being and professional involvement. This study examines: i) employee engagement and well-being; ii) administrative employees’ biggest workplace challenges; and iii) how wellness programs promote personal and professional progress. This study used a concurrent triangulation mixed-method research approach. Gallup’s employee engagement survey found that 124 employees have overall favorable attitudes, with a composite mean score of 4.36 demonstrating moderate to high levels of engagement across key workplace indicators. The inconsistent recognition may have an impact on involvement, with the lowest mean of 3.80 and the biggest variability of 1.09. Meanwhile, semi-structured interviews were conducted with 12 administrative employees from a university in region 4A. The findings highlight factors influencing well-being, such as effective communication, work-life balance, positive office environments, and opportunities for promotion. Stress, heavy workloads, and insufficient recognition were seen to be significant challenges, whereas coping strategies including task prioritization, emotional regulation, and peer support were regarded as critical. The results show that well-being boosts commitment and productivity, whereas engagement improves mental health and job happiness. Universities must offer stress management, professional development, and recognition to improve results and staff engagement.
Volume: 14
Issue: 5
Page: 3515-3525
Publish at: 2025-10-01

Understanding emotion regulation strategies in female adolescents with depressive symptoms: a qualitative study

10.11591/ijere.v14i5.31924
Siti Rashidah Yusoff , Khairul Farhah Khairuddin , Suzana Mohd Hoesni , Nur Afrina Rosharudin , Tuti Iryani Mohd Daud , Noor Azimah Muhammad , Manisah Mohd Ali , Mohamad Omar Ihsan Razman , Dharatun Nissa Puad Mohd Kari , Mohd Pilus Abdullah
In Malaysia, adolescents are at a high risk for depression, with the prevalence rising from 18.3% in 2017 to 26.9% in 2022. Additionally, the proportion of female adolescents affected is significantly higher than male adolescents, with 36.1% of females experiencing depression compared to 17.7% of males. Thus, a qualitative study was conducted to explore the emotion regulation strategies used by female adolescents experiencing depressive symptoms. Semi-structured interviews were performed with 15 female adolescents, aged 14 to 16 years, who had severe depression scores as assessed by the DASS-21. Using purposive sampling, all 15 female adolescents were selected from six public secondary schools in the Klang Valley, Malaysia. The Klang Valley, which includes the two main states of Selangor and Kuala Lumpur, was chosen due to its ranking among the top three states in 2022 with the highest rates of depression symptoms. All responses were recorded and analyzed using a thematic analysis approach. The findings revealed that female adolescents employed five emotion regulation strategies: suppressing expression, pampering themselves, seeking support, reorganizing their thoughts, and engaging in negative actions. This study explores the emotional experiences of female adolescents to design feasible and flexible interventions that address a wide range of individual needs.
Volume: 14
Issue: 5
Page: 3946-3959
Publish at: 2025-10-01

Acceptance of mobile English learning among college students in Henan

10.11591/ijere.v14i5.32876
Qiong Xiao , Soo Ruey Shing , Yu Lv
The portability of smartphones offers tremendous potential for language learning. However, the willingness to accept and the practical adoption of mobile learning in English study among college students from Henan, China requires deeper exploration, due to the lower digital competency and limited usage of digital tools of English teachers in Henan, China. Targeted at the college students from Henan, this research intends to investigate factors influencing their intention to adopt mobile apps in learning English by conducting a quantitative study within the framework of modified technology acceptance model (TAM) model. Purposive sampling method was used and online questionnaire was administered among 511 college students with mobile English learning experiences from one comprehensive university in Henan and data were analyzed via SPSS and structural equation modelling (SEM). The key findings include: i) social influences (SI), perceived usefulness (UF), and perceived enjoyment (PEEN) significantly impact students’ intention to adopt mobile English learning; ii) SI affect students’ intention via the mediator of UF; and iii) perceived ease of use (EOU) does not significantly impact students’ intention. This research highlights the role of teachers’ influences in students’ adoption of mobile English learning and emphasizes the need for further improvement in mobile apps design to facilitate the learning experiences.
Volume: 14
Issue: 5
Page: 3546-3556
Publish at: 2025-10-01

Six-Sigma approach to improve industry engagement strategies in Malaysian apprenticeship program

10.11591/ijere.v14i5.33288
Roziyati Abdullah , Zulkiflle Leman , B.T Hang Tuah Baharudin , Siti Azfanizam Ahmad
This empirical study develops an industry engagement model (IEM) by using the Six-Sigma define, measure, analyze, improve, and control (DMAIC) methodology to investigate the key strategies to enhance industry participation (IP) in the Malaysian apprenticeship program known as the National Dual Training System (NDTS). The relationship between five strategies, namely financial incentives (FI), digital administration (DA), productive collaboration (PC), flexible implementation (FT), and efficient promotion (EP) on IP, was examined. The 204 returned questionnaires were analyzed using partial least square-structural equation modelling (PLS-SEM). The findings reveal that FT, EP, and DA strongly influence IP in the NDTS program. In contrast, improvement in FI and PC has little impact on industry involvement. The development of IEM by demonstrating the DMAIC concept is novel and new to the research. It offers enormous potential and value in improving policymakers’ decision-making in apprenticeship programs. It may also be extended to other areas of education in the future.
Volume: 14
Issue: 5
Page: 3565-3573
Publish at: 2025-10-01

Factor influencing of teachers’ readiness to implement the Independent Curriculum

10.11591/ijere.v14i5.29141
Fitra Delita , Tumiar Sidauruk , Alna Hanana , Mona Adria Wirda
The education curriculum in Indonesia is gradually changing from the 2013 Curriculum to the Independent “Merdeka” Curriculum. The new curriculum is certainly a challenge for teachers. The aim of this research is to analyze the factors that influence teacher’s readiness and to measure the level of teacher readiness in implementing the Independent Curriculum. This quantitative research was designed using a survey method. The participants involved were 172 teachers from elementary, middle, and high school education levels in Medan City, Indonesia. Data were collected using online questionnaires and interviews. Data analysis was conducted using descriptive statistics using mean scores, factor analysis, and multiple linear regression t-test. The research results show the level of teachers’ readiness in implementing the Independent Curriculum based on gender, age, and years of teaching experience, both at elementary, middle, and high school levels with a mean interval of 6.00–6.99 (the initiation level). Subsequently, there are four dominant factors that influence teachers’ readiness to implement the Independent Curriculum, which are teacher, school, government policy, and student. The teacher factor contributed the most in determining teachers’ readiness to implement the Independent Curriculum (43.7%).
Volume: 14
Issue: 5
Page: 4173-4182
Publish at: 2025-10-01

Overcoming challenges in managing public schools of novice principals

10.11591/ijere.v14i5.33538
Jayson Ryan T. De Leon , Rich Paulo S. Lim , Justin Vianey M. Embalsado , Jed V. Madlambayan , Chillet G. Credo , Ricardo C. Salunga
A qualitative phenomenological approach was utilized in this study to explore the challenges experienced by novice school principals and how they overcome these challenges in managing their schools in the Division of Mabalacat City during school year 2023-2024. Guided by in-depth one-on-one semi-structured interviews, data was gathered from nine public elementary school principals. With the transcribed data, coding was employed using thematic analysis. Results showed that novice principals’ challenges are categorized into two: i) interpersonal challenges, including keeping the school safe and conducive and engaging with stakeholders, and ii) intrapersonal challenges, which include transitioning to higher roles and responsibilities and catching up with the new knowledge and skills needed to acquire. Moreover, novice principals experienced in overcoming these challenges were also examined. Findings revealed that growing interpersonal skills by establishing a good relationship with stakeholders and building rapport with teachers and growing intrapersonal skills by never stopping learning and having the right attitude would help them cope with their difficulties in managing the school. Finally, a proposed novice principals’ challenges model framework was developed and recommended for use in the Division of Mabalacat City to improve the knowledge, skills, and qualities of beginning and aspiring principals with their new roles in managing their schools.
Volume: 14
Issue: 5
Page: 3686-3701
Publish at: 2025-10-01

Development of a counselling-based self-wellbeing model for informal caregivers of childhood cancer patients in Malaysia

10.11591/ijere.v14i5.32468
Nurul Hasyimah Mat Rani , Nurul ‘Ain Mohd Daud , Hapsah Md Yusof , Syaza Hazwani Zaini , Pau Kee , Mazuki Mohd Yasim , Wan Faizatul Azirah Ismayatim , Nur Shuhana Mohd Sansuddin
Cancer is a chronic disease that causes patients and their caregivers to face various challenges throughout treatment and care. This study aimed to develop a counselling-based self-wellbeing model for informal caregivers of childhood cancer patients in Malaysia. This study employed the design and development research (DDR). The first phase involved needs analysis using a systematic literature review and semi-structured interviews of nine caregivers of childhood cancer. The second phase involved two methods: nominal group technique (NGT) and interpretive structural modeling (ISM). The third phase involved evaluating the usability of the model through the Fuzzy Delphi method (FDM) with the agreement of seven experts. This study successfully developed a counselling-based self-wellbeing model for informal caregivers of childhood cancer patients in Malaysia. This model has 12 components consisting of: i) financial; ii) career; iii) knowledge related to management and care of child cancer patients; iv) emotional management and care; v) spiritual; vi) cognitive and rationalization; vii) social relationships; viii) roles of counsellors in helping parents; ix) spouse and family relationships; x) physical; xi) communication; and xii) facilities. This model is proposed to be used by counsellors, especially who serve in health institutions to help parents who have children with cancer.
Volume: 14
Issue: 5
Page: 4222-4230
Publish at: 2025-10-01

Route towards certification: a path analysis on licensure performance of new teacher education curriculum graduates

10.11591/ijere.v14i5.33552
Tedric Dave E. Senosa , Jr., Roberto G. Sagge
The board licensure examination for professional teachers (BLEPT) is a critical assessment for aspiring educators in the Philippines. Despite its vital importance, limited research has explored the comprehensive influence of the education graduates’ demographic background, psychological state, and achievement in the institutional parameters on the BLEPT performance. This study examined these influences on the licensure performance among 101 bachelor of secondary education (BSEd) mathematics and science graduates under the new teacher education curriculum. The researchers collected data using validated researcher-made questionnaires and educational metrics. Using structural equation modeling (SEM), results showed that the path model highlights the multifaceted nature of BLEPT performance, which shows that an intrinsic commitment towards the teaching profession and a supportive network create a cycle of positive experiences that fuels the graduates’ academic performance and self-efficacy, leading to a notable licensure performance. Likewise, the model emphasizes the vital effect of graduates’ education-related employment on their licensure examination performance. Taking these factors into account, teacher education institutions (TEIs) and key educational stakeholder should create targeted interventions, investigate unforeseen factors, and restructure curricula implementation to address the shortage of competent Filipino educators in these critical educational disciplines which are mathematics and science education.
Volume: 14
Issue: 5
Page: 3379-3389
Publish at: 2025-10-01

Maintenance management of physical infrastructure in educational institutions: a systematic review

10.11591/ijere.v14i5.33130
Julisa del Rosario Quispe Vilca , Dennys Geovanni Calderón Paniagua , Grisely Rosalie Quispe Vilca , Isabel Evelyna Choque Siguairo , Alexander Nicolás Vilcanqui Alarcón
The physical infrastructure of education in Latin America (LATAM) requires actions to ensure its conservation and maintenance in the different systems and levels. This is due to the absence of a maintenance programmed proposed by the State and the lack of trained personnel to implement it. The objective of this study was to analyze the importance of maintenance management of physical infrastructure in educational institutions. A systematic review was conducted following the guidelines of the preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses (PRISMA) methodology. The search process was carried out in the Scopus, ERIC, and Web of Science (WoS) databases, and eligibility criteria were established. The review covered the time interval between 2015 and 2023, and 16 English-language papers were selected. The results indicate that the lack of adequate and sustained investment, together with the lack of scheduled maintenance of educational infrastructure and the absence of structured maintenance plans, have a negative impact on student achievement. It is necessary for national and local governments to develop public policies focused on the conservation and improvement of educational infrastructure, incorporating modern management tools to facilitate this process.
Volume: 14
Issue: 5
Page: 3490-3501
Publish at: 2025-10-01

Leadership and management in early childhood: navigating contradictions and pedagogical practices to foster inclusivity

10.11591/ijere.v14i5.33061
Manoharan Nalliah , Shorouk Aboudahr , Lim Wei Huan , Esayas Teshome Taddese
Early years’ education is an important foundation for a child’s life-long learning, and leaders and managers in early childhood work settings have an important role in creating a nurturing environment that supports and enables children to learn regardless of their needs. This study investigates the challenges and contradictions leaders and managers face in early childhood education (ECE) settings. It examines how pedagogical praxis can be leveraged to foster inclusivity focusing on the tension between the intrinsic value of play and the pressure of child performativity meeting performance benchmarks. This qualitative study offers a constructive discussion on leadership practices in ECE and inclusion in Malaysia. The thematic analysis of nine interviews analyzed by N-VIVO software and showed the important considerations for enhancing leadership and management approaches, creating more inclusive spaces, and supporting the holistic development of early childhood curricula. The result offers a rich description of how leading practices are increasingly influenced by dominant trends in educational policies and society, including neoliberal agendas and narrowly conceived accountability systems that focus on measurable outcomes. It underlines the centrality of supporting the ongoing professional development of educators.
Volume: 14
Issue: 5
Page: 3765-3773
Publish at: 2025-10-01

The educational accomplishments scale: development and validation in the context of education institutions

10.11591/ijere.v14i5.34224
Anil DCosta , Joseph Chacko Chennattuserry , Kennedy Andrew Thomas
Educational institutions play a significant role in fostering academic growth and personal development. However, there is a lack of standardized tools to assess the impact of educational accomplishments (EA), particularly integrating dimensions such as quality, value-based, integrated, and culture-enhanced education. This paper aims to create and validate a measurement tool that assesses how EA impacts students and institutions to foster academic growth, personal development, and institutional effectiveness, contributing to the overall quality of education. The data was collected from 120 participants, including religious heads, directors, principals, and coordinators of ten schools run by a specific religious congregation. The study implemented a three-stage systematic procedure in the development of the scale. Stage one consisted of item generation, literature review, and expert judgment. The second stage validated the scale and was followed by an item analysis, principal component with varimax rotation (exploratory factor analysis) using Kaiser normalization on IBM SPSS 26. The third step resulted in the final reliability and validity of the scale. A final 19-item educational accomplishments scale (EAS) is psychometrically reliable and of potential use to policymakers globally, comparing student and teacher perceptions, especially with religious congregational affiliations. This scale can particularly be used by each institution to evaluate the EA and can also be used by other researchers for further research.
Volume: 14
Issue: 5
Page: 3882-3890
Publish at: 2025-10-01
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