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31,456 Article Results

Design and simulation of an electric vehicle charging system with battery arrangement and control parameters optimization

10.11591/ijpeds.v16.i4.pp2521-2537
Nurmiati Pasra , Faizal Arya Samman , Andani Achmad , Yusran Yusran
The development of electric vehicle (EV) charging technology requires efficient, reliable, and economical systems to address users' concerns about battery drain. This study presents a simplification of EV charger design with an isolated model and optimal battery mode setting. The research method integrates step-up Y-Δ transformers, AC-DC converters, boost DC-DC converters, integral proportional control, and battery configurations. Series (S) - parallel (P) - series (S) battery arrangement pattern to maximize system performance. The test results using a 130 mF capacitor with the S40-P2-S6 and S80-P2-S3 array patterns produced an output voltage of 946 V, while the S100-P2-S3 array pattern achieved an output voltage of 1,182 V. The system is capable of fast charging with a time of 0.2 to 2 hours for a battery capacity of 30 to 100 kWh at a charging power of 50 to 150 kW with an efficiency of up to 97%. The combination of the use of an isolated model on the charger array and the EV battery setting pattern is proven to produce stable voltage values with minimal overshoot levels, thus addressing the complex charger design challenges and battery setting needs in the 800 to 1,100 V voltage range.
Volume: 16
Issue: 4
Page: 2521-2537
Publish at: 2025-12-01

Edge-aware distilled segmentation with pseudo-label refinement for autonomous driving perception

10.11591/ijra.v14i4.pp528-538
Novelio Putra Indarto , Oskar Natan , Andi Dharmawan
Achieving precise semantic segmentation is essential for enabling real-time perception in autonomous systems, yet leading approaches typically require substantial annotated data and powerful hardware, restricting their use on devices with limited resources. This work introduces an efficient segmentation framework that integrates pseudo-label refinement, knowledge distillation, and entropy-based confidence filtering to train compact student networks suitable for edge deployment. High-quality pseudo-labels are first produced by a robust teacher network, then further improved using a dense conditional random field to boost spatial consistency. An entropy-based selection mechanism removes unreliable predictions, ensuring that only the most trustworthy labels guide the student model's training. The use of knowledge distillation effectively transfers detailed semantic understanding from the teacher to the student, enhancing accuracy without added computational overhead. Experimental results with multiple EfficientNet backbones reveal that this pipeline improves segmentation accuracy and output clarity, while also supporting real-time or near real-time inference on CPUs with limited processing power. Extensive ablation and qualitative studies further confirm the method's robustness and flexibility for real-world edge applications.
Volume: 14
Issue: 4
Page: 528-538
Publish at: 2025-12-01

Dehydration of Moringa leaves using microcontroller and IoT controlled electrical dryer

10.11591/ijpeds.v16.i4.pp2688-2698
Saifuddin Muhammad Jalil , Abubakar Dabet , Syarifah Akmal , Selamat Meliala , Muhammad Muhammad
The dehydration of Moringa Oleifera leaves is crucial to preserving their high nutritional value and extending shelf life for use in food and pharmaceutical applications. Traditional drying methods often result in nutrient degradation and lack precise environmental control. This study presents the design and implementation of an internet of things (IoT)- enabled electrical dryer system controlled by a microcontroller for the efficient dehydration of Moringa leaves. The system integrates temperature and humidity sensors, an Arduino Mega microcontroller, and a web-based interface for real-time monitoring and control. The electrical dryer maintains optimal drying conditions, significantly reducing moisture content while preserving essential nutrients. Data is logged and visualized through IoT connectivity, allowing for remote access and performance analysis. The dehydration of Moringa leaves requires approximately one kg of electricity for batteries in dual-energy dryers, which are based on microcontrollers and the IoT. The results demonstrate that the proposed system offers a reliable, energy-efficient, and scalable solution for the controlled dehydration of Moringa leaves, with potential applications in smart agriculture and postharvest processing. The excellent drying time is achieved in a greenhouse dryer, which maintains a temperature of 45 °C within the drying chamber, resulting in a median drying time of 6 hours. The standard moisture percentage of clean and dry Moringa leaves is measured at 18.5% (wb) and 8% (wb), respectively.
Volume: 16
Issue: 4
Page: 2688-2698
Publish at: 2025-12-01

Design of an EBNN-PID based adaptive charge controller for variable DC charging applications

10.11591/ijpeds.v16.i4.pp2634-2644
Mochammad Machmud Rifadil , Putu Agus Mahadi Putra , Amalia Muklis
This paper presents an adaptive charging system for lithium-ion batteries using an Elman backpropagation neural network (EBNN) integrated with a PID controller and a ZETA converter. The system dynamically identifies the battery type and adjusts the charging voltage accordingly. The EBNN model was trained using 1441 samples of initial current and voltage data, achieving a mean squared error (MSE) of 7.64×10⁻¹⁴. A ZETA converter enables both step-up and step-down voltage regulation, while the PID controller ensures stability toward the predicted setpoint. Simulations in Simulink were conducted on four lithium-ion battery types with setpoints of 4.4 V, 8.8 V, 14.4 V, and 21.6 V. The results show that the PID-regulated output voltage closely matches the target with a maximum deviation of ±0.05V and an average voltage error of 0.1725%. The system achieves fast response times between 0.015 and 0.033 seconds. Extended testing through 24 randomized trials confirmed consistent identification and regulation across varying battery types. These findings validate the proposed EBNN-PID-based charging system as a highly accurate, flexible, and efficient solution for managing lithium-ion battery charging in real-time embedded applications.
Volume: 16
Issue: 4
Page: 2634-2644
Publish at: 2025-12-01

Hybrid intelligent optimization algorithms-based power management for microgrid system

10.11591/ijpeds.v16.i4.pp2665-2676
R. Indumathi , S. A. Lakshmanan
The integration of the photovoltaic (PV) and wind sources of power in microgrids is a beneficial method toward decentralized, efficient, and sustainable energy management. This research endeavors to develop and implement a novel hybrid control strategy that efficiently combines grey wolf optimization (GWO) and particle swarm optimization (PSO) algorithms for the optimization of renewable energy-based microgrids. The proposed method addresses three critical tasks under one integrated control mechanism: i) maximum power point tracking (MPPT) for PV and wind systems under fluctuating environmental conditions, ii) smart management of energy storage systems for batteries, and iii) adaptive load scheduling based on real-time availability of energy. By leveraging the complementary strengths of GWO and PSO, the system enjoys improved convergence rate, global search, and decision-making robustness. The hybrid controller is tested and validated through thorough testing in MATLAB/Simulink under dynamic simulation scenarios that mimic sudden weather and load variations. Comparative performance with conventional methods and benchmarking based on IEEE 516 standards demonstrates the improved reliability, responsiveness, and energy efficiency of the proposed system. This research contributes to the state-of-the-art of intelligent microgrid control through an integrated, bio-inspired solution toward resilient and optimized energy management.
Volume: 16
Issue: 4
Page: 2665-2676
Publish at: 2025-12-01

Supervised learning for fast inverse motor control mapping: a comparative study on SRM and BLDC motors

10.11591/ijpeds.v16.i4.pp2419-2428
S. Sudheer Kumar Reddy , J. N. Chandra Sekhar
This paper investigates the application of machine learning (ML) models, specifically artificial neural networks (ANN) and XGBoost, for real-time motor control, focusing on switched reluctance motors (SRM) and brushless DC motors (BLDC). Traditional inverse dynamics mapping for motor control is compared with ML approaches to highlight advantages in speed, accuracy, and deployment efficiency. Datasets simulating the input-output behavior of both motor types are used to train and test the models. Key performance metrics such as mean squared error (MSE), R² score, training time, and latency are evaluated, with the goal of replacing traditional control methods in real-time applications. Results indicate that ML models outperform traditional methods in terms of prediction accuracy and deployment speed, suggesting a promising path toward more efficient and adaptive motor control systems. The novelty of this work lies in applying supervised learning directly for inverse motor control mapping, thereby eliminating the need for explicit analytical models and enabling a unified, data-driven benchmarking framework across SRM and BLDC.
Volume: 16
Issue: 4
Page: 2419-2428
Publish at: 2025-12-01

Securing healthcare data and optimizing digital marketing through machine learning: the CAML-EHDS framework

10.11591/ijece.v15i6.pp5728-5745
Fathi Abderrahmane , Mouyassir Kawtar , Ali Waqas , Fandi Fatima Zahra , Kartit Ali
Current healthcare data systems face major challenges in preventing unauthorized access, ensuring compliance with data privacy regulations, and enabling intelligent secondary use of patient information. To address these issues, we introduce cluster-based analysis with machine learning for enhanced healthcare data security (CAML-EHDS), a unified framework that combines homomorphic encryption, attribute-based elliptic curve cryptography (ECC), and semantic clustering with machine learning. CAML-EHDS improves upon existing models by offering fine-grained access control, adaptive threat detection, and data-driven insights while preserving privacy. Experimental results show that CAML-EHDS achieves up to 98% classification accuracy with low node count, and maintains 94% accuracy even at high node distribution levels, while ensuring encryption time under 24 seconds and acceptable data loss below 29%. Moreover, in comparative analysis with state-of-the-art models (support vector machine (SVM), random forest (RF), and decision tree (DT)), CAML-EHDS outperforms all in key metrics with an accuracy of 0.96. These results demonstrate CAML-EHDS’s potential for real-world deployment in secure, scalable, and intelligent healthcare environments, including privacy-aware digital marketing integration.
Volume: 15
Issue: 6
Page: 5728-5745
Publish at: 2025-12-01

Enhancing health status prediction and data security using transformer-based deep learning architectures

10.11591/ijra.v14i4.pp570-580
Subramaniyan Senthamarai , Raja Manickam Mala , Vellaiyan Palanisamy
This paper proposes a privacy-preserving transformer-based federated learning (PPTFL) framework designed to enhance privacy, accuracy, and computational efficiency in healthcare data analysis. Federated learning (FL) has emerged as a promising solution for distributed machine learning while preserving data privacy, especially in sensitive sectors like healthcare. However, challenges such as maintaining high accuracy and managing communication overhead remain. The proposed PPTFL framework leverages the power of transformer models to improve the performance of federated learning while integrating privacy-preserving techniques. The model demonstrates superior performance with an accuracy of 92.87%, an F1 score of 92.37%, and a privacy budget (ϵ) of 1.6, outperforming existing approaches in terms of both privacy and accuracy. The model also exhibits computational efficiency, with lower communication cost and reasonable training time. Comparative evaluations with four relevant literature models further validate the effectiveness of the proposed PPTFL framework. This work highlights the potential of PPTFL to revolutionize healthcare informatics by providing secure, accurate, and efficient solutions for federated learning applications.
Volume: 14
Issue: 4
Page: 570-580
Publish at: 2025-12-01

Performance analysis of a cascaded dual full bridges 5, 7, and 9 levels inverter: experimental validation

10.11591/ijpeds.v16.i4.pp2464-2475
Nabil Saidani , Rachid El Bachtiri , Abdelaziz FRI , Karima El Hammoumi
Cascaded full-bridge inverter is a suitable topology for grid-connected applications due to its ability to generate an output voltage waveform that closely resembles a sine wave, resulting in lower total harmonic distortion (THD) factors. This article proposes the use of the selective harmonic elimination (SHE) technique to produce a 5-level voltage using a symmetrical inverter and 7 and 9-level voltage using an asymmetrical inverter composed of only two full bridges loaded by an RL circuit of 51.4 Ω and 200 mH. The study primarily focuses on analysing the impact of the number of levels on the power quality of the inverter. This includes investigating the effects of the fundamental magnitude on the produced power, as well as measuring losses in the inverter, power factor, THD factor, and fundamental magnitude for each level configuration. The study demonstrates that asymmetrical MLIs lower THD (10.9% vs. 16.7%) and increasing voltage levels enhance waveform quality but slightly reduce the fundamental voltage magnitude, impacting AC power output. The simulation analysis has been conducted using the PSIM environment, and the results have been validated through experimental measurements.
Volume: 16
Issue: 4
Page: 2464-2475
Publish at: 2025-12-01

Integrity verification of medical images in internet of medical things for smart cities using data hiding scheme

10.11591/ijece.v15i6.pp5770-5781
Kilari Jyothsna Devi , Ravuri Daniel , Bode Prasad , Mohamad Khairi Ishak , Dorababu Sudarsa , Pasam Prudhvi Kiran
As technology has advanced, the internet of medical things (IoMT) has become incredibly useful. It is used to transmit a wide variety of medical images. Sensitive patient data may be altered during transmission or subject to illegal access. To overcome all of these challenges and preserve the integrity of medical images while transmission over IoMT, a blind region-based data concealing approach called medical image watermarking (MIW) is suggested. The region of interest (ROI) and region of non-interest (RONI) are the two sections that make up the medical image. The aim of the suggested MIW technique is to prevent transmission-related manipulation of medical image ROI. To provide high imperceptibility and resilience, confined integrity verification and recovery bits (CIVRB) bits are embedded in the RONI using hybrid integer wavelet transform–singular value decomposition (IWT-SVD). According to the experimental results, the suggested system is highly imperceptible (average peak signal-to-noise ratio (PSNR)=56dB), robust (average NC=0.99), and exhibits integrity verification accuracy of over 98% against a variety of image processing attacks. In terms of several watermarking properties, the proposed technique performs over state-of-the-art schemes. This method offers a dependable framework for protecting medical images in real-time IoMT applications and is suitable for smart healthcare environments.
Volume: 15
Issue: 6
Page: 5770-5781
Publish at: 2025-12-01

Intuitive effectiveness degree of research methodologies for spectrum sensing in cognitive radio network

10.11591/ijece.v15i6.pp5699-5707
Pushpa Yellappa , Dr.Keshavamurthy Keshavamurthy
The phenomenon of spectrum sensing plays an essential role in cognitive radio network (CRN) that is performed in real-time for better adaptability to dynamic usage of spectrum. However, efficient decision-making is often noted to be affected by dynamic environmental condition, interference, and noise leading to declination in performance. In recent times, there are proposals for various methodologies addressing such issues targeting towards improving spectrum sensing along with machine learning and energy detection approach, which is gaining its pace for technical research implementation. Irrespective of this advancement, ambiguity shrouds regarding the contrast effectiveness associated with these methods and their appropriateness in different situation. Hence, this manuscript presents a comprehensive and yet crisp review work to offer concise assessment of latest methodologies towards spectrum sensing used in CRN ecosystem. The paper has an inclusion of existing techniques, presents their potentials and shortcomings, exhibited evolving trends of research, extracts key gaps and challenges. The prime intention of this review work is towards guiding the future researchers and scholars by facilitating deeper insight towards the recent state of technologies in spectrum sensing.
Volume: 15
Issue: 6
Page: 5699-5707
Publish at: 2025-12-01

On big data predictive analytics-trends, perspectives, and challenges

10.11591/ijece.v15i6.pp5978-5985
Yassine Benlachmi , Abdelaziz El Yazidi , Abdallah Rhattoy , Moulay Lahcen Hasnaoui
The world is experiencing explosive growth in numerous sectors such as healthcare, engineering, scientific studies, business, social networking. This growth is causing an immense surge in data generation too. And with the emergence of technologies like internet of things (IoT), Mobile, and cloud computing, the volume of data being produced is skyrocketing. However, making sense of this colossal amount of data is a daunting challenge. Enter big data computing, a new paradigm that blends large datasets with advanced analytical techniques. Big data is characterized by the three V's: Volume, velocity, and variety, and refers to massive datasets. By processing this data, we can uncover new opportunities and gain valuable insights into market trends. Traditional techniques are simply not equipped to handle the scale of Big Data. The purpose of this article is to gather reviews of various predictive analytics applications related to big data and the advantages of using big data analytics across various decision-making domains.
Volume: 15
Issue: 6
Page: 5978-5985
Publish at: 2025-12-01

Retrieval-augmented generation for Arabic legal information: the family code case study

10.12928/telkomnika.v23i6.27400
Jamal; Abdelmalek Essaâdi University Hrimech , Mohammed; Abdelmalek Essaâdi University Mghari , Youssef; Abdelmalek Essaâdi University Zaz
This document describes the implementation and evaluation of a retrieval-augmented generation (RAG) system to improve access to and understanding of Moroccan law, particularly the family code in Arabic. The research addresses the drawbacks of the widely used linguistic model applied to complex legal terminology in Arabic and aims to help citizens access crucial legal data. We built a new custom dataset with 2.5 k question-answer pairs while preprocessing and using the BGE-m3 embedding model in this experiment. Performance metrics, such as mean reciprocal rank (MRR), Recall@k, and F1-score, indicate that the RAG approach is effective compared to the use of standalone large language models (LLMs). Moreover, an evaluation on metrics such as the blue score, fidelity, response relevance, and contextual relevance indicated that the matching of meanings and context were well captured, which signifies a very good semantic understanding. The research highlights the need for language-specific model specialization in Arabic and presents its main challenges, such as dialectal variations and appropriate evaluation measures. The results indicate that well-developed RAG systems offer a promising approach to improving access to legal information in Arabic-speaking practice communities and to guiding future research and development in this field.
Volume: 23
Issue: 6
Page: 1495-1505
Publish at: 2025-12-01

Optimizing short-term energy demand forecasting: a comprehensive analysis using autoregressive integrated moving average method

10.11591/ijece.v15i6.pp5924-5933
Firman Aziz , Jeffry Jeffry , Misbahuddin Buang , Supriyadi La Wungo , Nasruddin Nasruddin
This study addresses the critical gap in short-term electricity demand forecasting in South Sulawesi, where inconsistencies between projected and actual peak loads hinder daily operational planning, system stability, and investment efficiency. While previous studies have applied approaches such as fuzzy logic, ARIMA-ANN, and hybrid models, few have focused on simple, robust ARIMA-based models validated across different time spans for daily operational use. To address this, the autoregressive integrated moving average (ARIMA) model is implemented within the Box-Jenkins framework, using automated model selection through the pmdarima library and Akaike’s information criterion (AIC) to identify optimal parameter configurations. The study analyzes daily peak load data from 2018 to 2023, producing realistic forecasts with high accuracy. The selected ARIMA model achieves a mean absolute percentage error (MAPE) of 1.91% and a root mean square error (RMSE) of 38.123, demonstrating its effectiveness in capturing short-term load trends. These results confirm the suitability of ARIMA for short-term forecasting in energy systems and its potential to enhance operational decision-making, reduce forecasting errors, and improve investment planning. The study also establishes a methodological foundation for future development, including the integration of ARIMA with machine learning and the use of extended datasets to support strategic energy management.
Volume: 15
Issue: 6
Page: 5924-5933
Publish at: 2025-12-01

Design and implementation of digital logic for brushless DC motor control in electric vehicles

10.11591/ijpeds.v16.i4.pp2143-2155
Belwin J. Brearley , K. Regin Bose , K. Ganesh Kumar
In today's world, the rise in global warming is driving a shift towards electric mobility. The progress in battery technology and power electronic devices has facilitated the transition of vehicles from being powered by traditional internal combustion engines to electric motors. The types of motors utilized for propulsion include DC motors, three-phase induction motors, permanent magnet synchronous motors (PMSM), and brushless DC motors (BLDC). Among them, the BLDC motor, when paired with a suitable control algorithm, proves to be the most suitable option for electric vehicle applications. The existing control algorithms for BLD motors are quite complex. Therefore, this study presents the development of an innovative and simple digital control algorithm based on a combinational logic circuit to drive the BLDC motor under motoring and regenerative braking mode. The proposed control algorithm and its effectiveness are validated by simulating it using Xilinx & Proteus software and experimenting with the concept in hardware by utilizing a PIC microcontroller. The proposed control algorithm forms a cost-effective alternative for BLDC motor speed control.
Volume: 16
Issue: 4
Page: 2143-2155
Publish at: 2025-12-01
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