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29,082 Article Results

Enhanced spectrum sensing in MIMO-OFDM cognitive radio networks using multi-user detection and square-law combining techniques

10.11591/ijece.v15i6.pp5401-5410
Srikantha Kandhgal Mochigar , Rohitha Ujjini Matad , Premachand Doddamagadi Ramanaik
Spectrum sensing (SS) is essential for cognitive radio (CR) networks to enable secondary users to opportunistically access unused spectrum without interfering with primary users. This article proposes a novel multi-user detection (MUD) and square-law combining (SLC) framework for SS in multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) and orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) CR networks. Traditional SS methods, especially energy detection (ED), often underperform in low signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) conditions, resulting in high false alarm rates due to noise uncertainty and multi-user interference. The multi-user detection-square-law combining (MUD-SLC) framework addresses these limitations by using MUD to separate user signals and SLC to combine energy from multiple antennas, significantly improving probability of detection (PD) while maintaining a low false alarm probability (Pfa). Simulation results show that the proposed approach achieves a PD of 0.81 at Pfa=0.15 and SNR=15 dB, outperforming conventional and advanced SS methods. Moreover, MUD-SLC demonstrates a considerable boost in detection performance, even in the presence of severe interference and noise uncertainty, leading to more reliable spectrum utilization in systems. The framework also maintains a lower Pfa, especially in dynamic wireless environments. This research work contributes to improving the efficiency and reliability of SS in CR networks.
Volume: 15
Issue: 6
Page: 5401-5410
Publish at: 2025-12-01

Stability analysis and robust control of cyber-physical systems: integrating Jacobian linearization, Lyapunov methods, and linear quadratic regulator control via LMI techniques

10.11591/ijece.v15i6.pp5276-5285
Rachid Boutssaid , Abdeljabar Aboulkassim , Said Kririm , El Hanafi Arjdal , Youssef Moumani
Stability issues in cyber-physical systems (CPS) arise from the challenging effects of nonlinear dynamics relation to multi-input, multi-output systems. This research proposed a robust control framework that combines Jacobian linearization, Lyapunov stability analysis, and linear quadratic regulator (LQR) control via linear matrix inequalities (LMIs). The robust methodology does the following: it applies linearization on the dynamics of the CPS; it establishes the stability of the system using Lyapunov functions and LMIs; and it designs an LQR controller. The proposed framework was validated through a comparison between the behavior of a linearized and nonlinear model. The autonomous vehicle application showed: a settling time of 20 seconds; an overshoot of 3.8187%; and a steady-state error of 2.688×10⁻⁷. The proposed framework is robustly demonstrated and has applications to areas in automation and smart infrastructure. Future work includes optimizing the design of weighting matrices and developing adaptive control features.
Volume: 15
Issue: 6
Page: 5276-5285
Publish at: 2025-12-01

Classification algorithm with artificial intelligence for the diagnostic process of obstructive sleep apnea

10.11591/ijai.v14.i6.pp4520-4532
Jehil Ventura-Tecco , Jesús Fajardo-Avalos , Michael Cabanillas-Carbonell
Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) is a disease that affects millions of people worldwide, and a large proportion of them remain undiagnosed due to the high cost of polysomnography (PSG) tests. For this reason, it is crucial to develop affordable diagnostic tools to facilitate early detection of this condition. This study aims to analyze how an artificial intelligence (AI) based classification algorithm impacts the diagnostic process of OSA in Lima, Peru. The algorithm was developed following the Kanban methodology, which guaranteed an efficient and transparent follow-up during the development cycle, which is key in the medical context where software quality and traceability are fundamental. A decision tree (DT) was used for diagnosis and classification, employing a training dataset provided by the National Sleep Research Resource (NSRR), from which six relevant attributes were selected for analysis. The research results indicated that, although the improvement in clinical diagnostic accuracy was minimal at 10.81%, positive results were obtained in other aspects: diagnostic time was significantly reduced by 28.17%, and the number of tests required decreased by 24.07%.
Volume: 14
Issue: 6
Page: 4520-4532
Publish at: 2025-12-01

Optimizing short-term energy demand forecasting: a comprehensive analysis using autoregressive integrated moving average method

10.11591/ijece.v15i6.pp5924-5933
Firman Aziz , Jeffry Jeffry , Misbahuddin Buang , Supriyadi La Wungo , Nasruddin Nasruddin
This study addresses the critical gap in short-term electricity demand forecasting in South Sulawesi, where inconsistencies between projected and actual peak loads hinder daily operational planning, system stability, and investment efficiency. While previous studies have applied approaches such as fuzzy logic, ARIMA-ANN, and hybrid models, few have focused on simple, robust ARIMA-based models validated across different time spans for daily operational use. To address this, the autoregressive integrated moving average (ARIMA) model is implemented within the Box-Jenkins framework, using automated model selection through the pmdarima library and Akaike’s information criterion (AIC) to identify optimal parameter configurations. The study analyzes daily peak load data from 2018 to 2023, producing realistic forecasts with high accuracy. The selected ARIMA model achieves a mean absolute percentage error (MAPE) of 1.91% and a root mean square error (RMSE) of 38.123, demonstrating its effectiveness in capturing short-term load trends. These results confirm the suitability of ARIMA for short-term forecasting in energy systems and its potential to enhance operational decision-making, reduce forecasting errors, and improve investment planning. The study also establishes a methodological foundation for future development, including the integration of ARIMA with machine learning and the use of extended datasets to support strategic energy management.
Volume: 15
Issue: 6
Page: 5924-5933
Publish at: 2025-12-01

Securing healthcare data and optimizing digital marketing through machine learning: the CAML-EHDS framework

10.11591/ijece.v15i6.pp5728-5745
Fathi Abderrahmane , Mouyassir Kawtar , Ali Waqas , Fandi Fatima Zahra , Kartit Ali
Current healthcare data systems face major challenges in preventing unauthorized access, ensuring compliance with data privacy regulations, and enabling intelligent secondary use of patient information. To address these issues, we introduce cluster-based analysis with machine learning for enhanced healthcare data security (CAML-EHDS), a unified framework that combines homomorphic encryption, attribute-based elliptic curve cryptography (ECC), and semantic clustering with machine learning. CAML-EHDS improves upon existing models by offering fine-grained access control, adaptive threat detection, and data-driven insights while preserving privacy. Experimental results show that CAML-EHDS achieves up to 98% classification accuracy with low node count, and maintains 94% accuracy even at high node distribution levels, while ensuring encryption time under 24 seconds and acceptable data loss below 29%. Moreover, in comparative analysis with state-of-the-art models (support vector machine (SVM), random forest (RF), and decision tree (DT)), CAML-EHDS outperforms all in key metrics with an accuracy of 0.96. These results demonstrate CAML-EHDS’s potential for real-world deployment in secure, scalable, and intelligent healthcare environments, including privacy-aware digital marketing integration.
Volume: 15
Issue: 6
Page: 5728-5745
Publish at: 2025-12-01

Enhancing semantic segmentation with a boundary-sensitive loss function: a novel approach

10.11591/ijece.v15i6.pp5327-5335
Ganesh R. Padalkar , Madhuri B. Khambete
Semantic segmentation is crucial step in autonomous driving, medical imaging, and scene understanding. Traditional approaches leveraging manually extracted pixel properties and probabilistic models, have achieved reasonable performance but suffer from limited generalization and the need for expert-driven feature selection. The rise of deep learning architectures has significantly improved segmentation accuracy by enabling automatic feature extraction and capturing intricate object details. However, these methods still face challenges, including the need for large datasets, extensive hyperparameter tuning, and careful loss function selection. This paper proposes a novel boundary-sensitive loss function, which combines region loss and boundary loss, to enhance both region consistency and edge delineation in segmentation tasks. Implemented within a modified SegNet framework, the approach proposed in the paper is evaluated with the semantic boundary dataset (SBD) dataset using standard segmentation metrics. Experimental results indicate improved segmentation accuracy, substantiating to proposed method.
Volume: 15
Issue: 6
Page: 5327-5335
Publish at: 2025-12-01

Integrity verification of medical images in internet of medical things for smart cities using data hiding scheme

10.11591/ijece.v15i6.pp5770-5781
Kilari Jyothsna Devi , Ravuri Daniel , Bode Prasad , Mohamad Khairi Ishak , Dorababu Sudarsa , Pasam Prudhvi Kiran
As technology has advanced, the internet of medical things (IoMT) has become incredibly useful. It is used to transmit a wide variety of medical images. Sensitive patient data may be altered during transmission or subject to illegal access. To overcome all of these challenges and preserve the integrity of medical images while transmission over IoMT, a blind region-based data concealing approach called medical image watermarking (MIW) is suggested. The region of interest (ROI) and region of non-interest (RONI) are the two sections that make up the medical image. The aim of the suggested MIW technique is to prevent transmission-related manipulation of medical image ROI. To provide high imperceptibility and resilience, confined integrity verification and recovery bits (CIVRB) bits are embedded in the RONI using hybrid integer wavelet transform–singular value decomposition (IWT-SVD). According to the experimental results, the suggested system is highly imperceptible (average peak signal-to-noise ratio (PSNR)=56dB), robust (average NC=0.99), and exhibits integrity verification accuracy of over 98% against a variety of image processing attacks. In terms of several watermarking properties, the proposed technique performs over state-of-the-art schemes. This method offers a dependable framework for protecting medical images in real-time IoMT applications and is suitable for smart healthcare environments.
Volume: 15
Issue: 6
Page: 5770-5781
Publish at: 2025-12-01

Machine learning-based classification of local muscle fatigue using electromyography signals for enhanced rehabilitation outcomes

10.11591/ijece.v15i6.pp5954-5967
Zhanel Baigarayeva , Assiya Boltaboyeva , Baglan Imanbek , Kassymbek Ozhikenov , Nurgul Karymssakova , Roza Beisembekova
Muscle fatigue is a key factor affecting rehabilitation progress, safety, and patient engagement. Accurate detection of fatigue during physical activity remains a challenge, particularly in clinical and remote settings. This study presents the development of an Internet of things-based system for classifying local muscle fatigue using surface electromyography (EMG) signals and machine learning. A wearable device was used to collect real-time EMG data and subjective fatigue ratings from 10 healthy participants during sustained isometric grip exercises. Feature extraction was performed on-device, and the data were transmitted wirelessly for analysis. Machine learning models including logistic regression, decision tree (DT), random forest, and extreme gradient boosting (XGBoost) were trained to classify fatigue states. The DT model achieved the highest accuracy of 90.7%, with a precision of 90.7% and a recall of 90.9%. SHAP analysis revealed time under load, smoking, and alcohol use as the most influential factors in fatigue classification. These results show that wearable EMG devices combined with smart algorithms are effective for real-time fatigue monitoring during rehabilitation.
Volume: 15
Issue: 6
Page: 5954-5967
Publish at: 2025-12-01

Computationally efficient pixelwise deep learning architecture for accurate depth reconstruction for single-photon LiDAR

10.11591/ijece.v15i6.pp5934-5941
Yu Zhang , Yiming Zheng
This work introduces a compact deep learning architecture for depth image reconstruction from time-resolved single-photon histograms. Unlike most deep learning approaches that mainly rely on 3D convolutions, our network is implemented purely with 1D convolutions without assistance from other sensors or pre-processing. Both synthetic and real datasets were used to evaluate the accuracy of our model for challenging signal-to-background ratios (SBRs), ranging from 5:1 to 1:1. Conventional maximum likelihood (ML) and another photon-efficient optimization-based algorithm were adopted for performance comparisons. Results from synthetic data show that our model achieves lower mean absolute error (MAE). Additionally, results from real data indicate that our model exhibits better reconstruction for high-ambient effects and provides better spatial information. Unlike existing 3D deep learning models, we process pixel-wise histograms continuously, rather than splitting the point cloud and stitching them afterward, which saves memory and computational resources, thereby laying a foundation for real-world embedded applications.
Volume: 15
Issue: 6
Page: 5934-5941
Publish at: 2025-12-01

Design and simulation of an electric vehicle charging system with battery arrangement and control parameters optimization

10.11591/ijpeds.v16.i4.pp2521-2537
Nurmiati Pasra , Faizal Arya Samman , Andani Achmad , Yusran Yusran
The development of electric vehicle (EV) charging technology requires efficient, reliable, and economical systems to address users' concerns about battery drain. This study presents a simplification of EV charger design with an isolated model and optimal battery mode setting. The research method integrates step-up Y-Δ transformers, AC-DC converters, boost DC-DC converters, integral proportional control, and battery configurations. Series (S) - parallel (P) - series (S) battery arrangement pattern to maximize system performance. The test results using a 130 mF capacitor with the S40-P2-S6 and S80-P2-S3 array patterns produced an output voltage of 946 V, while the S100-P2-S3 array pattern achieved an output voltage of 1,182 V. The system is capable of fast charging with a time of 0.2 to 2 hours for a battery capacity of 30 to 100 kWh at a charging power of 50 to 150 kW with an efficiency of up to 97%. The combination of the use of an isolated model on the charger array and the EV battery setting pattern is proven to produce stable voltage values with minimal overshoot levels, thus addressing the complex charger design challenges and battery setting needs in the 800 to 1,100 V voltage range.
Volume: 16
Issue: 4
Page: 2521-2537
Publish at: 2025-12-01

Dehydration of Moringa leaves using microcontroller and IoT controlled electrical dryer

10.11591/ijpeds.v16.i4.pp2688-2698
Saifuddin Muhammad Jalil , Abubakar Dabet , Syarifah Akmal , Selamat Meliala , Muhammad Muhammad
The dehydration of Moringa Oleifera leaves is crucial to preserving their high nutritional value and extending shelf life for use in food and pharmaceutical applications. Traditional drying methods often result in nutrient degradation and lack precise environmental control. This study presents the design and implementation of an internet of things (IoT)- enabled electrical dryer system controlled by a microcontroller for the efficient dehydration of Moringa leaves. The system integrates temperature and humidity sensors, an Arduino Mega microcontroller, and a web-based interface for real-time monitoring and control. The electrical dryer maintains optimal drying conditions, significantly reducing moisture content while preserving essential nutrients. Data is logged and visualized through IoT connectivity, allowing for remote access and performance analysis. The dehydration of Moringa leaves requires approximately one kg of electricity for batteries in dual-energy dryers, which are based on microcontrollers and the IoT. The results demonstrate that the proposed system offers a reliable, energy-efficient, and scalable solution for the controlled dehydration of Moringa leaves, with potential applications in smart agriculture and postharvest processing. The excellent drying time is achieved in a greenhouse dryer, which maintains a temperature of 45 °C within the drying chamber, resulting in a median drying time of 6 hours. The standard moisture percentage of clean and dry Moringa leaves is measured at 18.5% (wb) and 8% (wb), respectively.
Volume: 16
Issue: 4
Page: 2688-2698
Publish at: 2025-12-01

Polyaniline as a conductive polymer and its role in improving the efficiency and conductivity of perovskite solar cells

10.11591/ijpeds.v16.i4.pp2731-2743
Vahdat Nazerian , Mehran Hosseinzadeh Dizaj , Tole Sutikno
This article investigates the role of polyaniline as a conductive polymer in the active layer of perovskite solar cells. Samples were created by incorporating polyaniline into the transport layers to assess its impact on enhancing efficiency and conductivity. The application of this polymer across various layers of the cell structure led to improved stability and performance. Given its high doping capability, polyaniline was examined in detail, particularly focusing on two types of oxidation doping and its integration into the hole transport layer. Graphene oxide and reduced graphene oxide were chosen as comparative models, and their performance was evaluated against the standard polyaniline configuration. Laboratory results revealed that power conversion efficiency increased by 17.5% with graphene oxide and by 36.8% with reduced graphene oxide. Furthermore, short-circuit current density improved by 9.8% and 23.1%, respectively. These findings are consistent with existing studies in the field and support the validity of the approach.
Volume: 16
Issue: 4
Page: 2731-2743
Publish at: 2025-12-01

Performance analysis of a cascaded dual full bridges 5, 7, and 9 levels inverter: experimental validation

10.11591/ijpeds.v16.i4.pp2464-2475
Nabil Saidani , Rachid El Bachtiri , Abdelaziz FRI , Karima El Hammoumi
Cascaded full-bridge inverter is a suitable topology for grid-connected applications due to its ability to generate an output voltage waveform that closely resembles a sine wave, resulting in lower total harmonic distortion (THD) factors. This article proposes the use of the selective harmonic elimination (SHE) technique to produce a 5-level voltage using a symmetrical inverter and 7 and 9-level voltage using an asymmetrical inverter composed of only two full bridges loaded by an RL circuit of 51.4 Ω and 200 mH. The study primarily focuses on analysing the impact of the number of levels on the power quality of the inverter. This includes investigating the effects of the fundamental magnitude on the produced power, as well as measuring losses in the inverter, power factor, THD factor, and fundamental magnitude for each level configuration. The study demonstrates that asymmetrical MLIs lower THD (10.9% vs. 16.7%) and increasing voltage levels enhance waveform quality but slightly reduce the fundamental voltage magnitude, impacting AC power output. The simulation analysis has been conducted using the PSIM environment, and the results have been validated through experimental measurements.
Volume: 16
Issue: 4
Page: 2464-2475
Publish at: 2025-12-01

Approach to self-synchronization of a group of static power converters

10.11591/ijpeds.v16.i4.pp2342-2352
Victor Lavrinovsky , Nikita Dobroskok , Valery Bulychev , Ruslan Migranov , Yuriy Yu Perevalov , Anastasia Stotckaia
This study examines the control and synchronization of an orderly connected network of three-phase bidirectional power converters, serving as the grid interface for an energy storage system. The primary objective is to ensure stable operation under single-phase and non-symmetrical three-phase grid conditions. The control employs independent phase voltage regulation for compatibility. To achieve seamless coordination of an unlimited group of converters, the paper proposes a synchronization method based on a modified Kuramoto model. This method is designed to be compatible with independent phase control during asymmetric grid states. The proposed approach utilizes a structured connection graph, defined by phase shift magnitude, to synchronize the converter group. A brief overview of the tools for synchronizing oscillator groups is provided. A computer model was developed to study the operating modes of this converter class under both symmetrical and asymmetrical loads. Simulation studies confirmed the viability of the synchronization method. Furthermore, the research results were successfully applied in the design and implementation of a physical 10 kW grid - connected uninterruptible power supply prototype, demonstrating practical feasibility.
Volume: 16
Issue: 4
Page: 2342-2352
Publish at: 2025-12-01

Design of an EBNN-PID based adaptive charge controller for variable DC charging applications

10.11591/ijpeds.v16.i4.pp2634-2644
Mochammad Machmud Rifadil , Putu Agus Mahadi Putra , Amalia Muklis
This paper presents an adaptive charging system for lithium-ion batteries using an Elman backpropagation neural network (EBNN) integrated with a PID controller and a ZETA converter. The system dynamically identifies the battery type and adjusts the charging voltage accordingly. The EBNN model was trained using 1441 samples of initial current and voltage data, achieving a mean squared error (MSE) of 7.64×10⁻¹⁴. A ZETA converter enables both step-up and step-down voltage regulation, while the PID controller ensures stability toward the predicted setpoint. Simulations in Simulink were conducted on four lithium-ion battery types with setpoints of 4.4 V, 8.8 V, 14.4 V, and 21.6 V. The results show that the PID-regulated output voltage closely matches the target with a maximum deviation of ±0.05V and an average voltage error of 0.1725%. The system achieves fast response times between 0.015 and 0.033 seconds. Extended testing through 24 randomized trials confirmed consistent identification and regulation across varying battery types. These findings validate the proposed EBNN-PID-based charging system as a highly accurate, flexible, and efficient solution for managing lithium-ion battery charging in real-time embedded applications.
Volume: 16
Issue: 4
Page: 2634-2644
Publish at: 2025-12-01
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