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31,456 Article Results

Exploring the effectiveness of multiclass decision jungle for internet of things security

10.11591/ijece.v15i3.pp3095-3106
Smitha Rajagopal , Abhik Sarkar , Venkat Narayanan Manjunath
Network intrusion detection systems (NIDS) are vital in protecting computer networks against cyber security incidents. The relationship between NIDS and internet of things (IoT) security is pivotal and NIDS plays a significant role in ensuring the security and reliability of IoT ecosystems. Ensuring the security of IoT devices is critical for several reasons. It helps safeguard sensitive information, guarantees the dependability of crucial infrastructure, meets regulatory obligations, and fosters user confidence. As the IoT ecosystem expands, prioritizing security is essential to minimize risks and maximize the benefits of connected devices. Given the ever-expanding cyber threat landscape, the multiclass classification task is essential to empower the NIDS with an ability to distinguish between various attack patterns in less computational time. The multiclass decision jungle algorithm is investigated to optimize the performance of NIDS. The research has considered permutation feature importance to include only the relevant features from the data. Using a contemporary dataset such as CICIOT 2023, the study has demonstrated an impressive attack detection rate of over 90% for 20 modern attack types. This research has investigated the effectiveness of IoT security measures and its prospective contributions to the field of cyber security.
Volume: 15
Issue: 3
Page: 3095-3106
Publish at: 2025-06-01

Optimizing real-time data preprocessing in IoT-based fog computing using machine learning algorithms

10.11591/ijai.v14.i3.pp1900-1909
Nandini Gowda Puttaswamy , Anitha Narasimha Murthy
In the era of the internet of things (IoT), managing the massive influx of data with minimal latency is crucial, particularly within fog computing environments that process data close to its origin. Traditional methods have been inadequate, struggling with the high variability and volume of IoT data, which often leads to processing inefficiencies and poor resource allocation. To address these challenges, this paper introduces a novel machine learning-driven approach named real-time data preprocessing in IoT-based fog computing using machine learning algorithms (IoT-FCML). This method dynamically adapts to the changing characteristics of data and system demands. The implementation of IoT-FCML has led to significant performance enhancements: it reduces latency by approximately 0.26%, increases throughput by up to 0.3%, improves resource efficiency by 0.20%, and decreases data privacy overhead by 0.64%. These improvements are achieved through the integration of smart algorithms that prioritize data privacy and efficient resource use, allowing the IoT-FCML method to surpass traditional preprocessing techniques. Collectively, the enhancements in processing speed, adaptability, and data security represent a substantial advancement in developing more responsive and efficient IoT-based fog computing infrastructures, marking a pivotal progression in the field.
Volume: 14
Issue: 3
Page: 1900-1909
Publish at: 2025-06-01

Relationship between iron deficiency anemia and glycosylated hemoglobin in diabetes patients

10.11591/ijphs.v14i2.25569
Saida Fuad Shnaigat , Baha'a M. Abu Salma
The study aimed to investigate the relationship between iron metabolism indicators such as ferritin and transferrin levels and glycosylated hemoglobin. Another goal of the current study is to draw the attention of the scientific and medical community to a very important issue regarding diagnostic and follow-up the diabetic patients which is the effect of iron status on HbA1c level. A cross-sectional study was conducted on (n=300) participants. The participant was assigned into three groups: the diabetes group (n=101), the prediabetes group (n=100), and the control group (n=99). A structured questionnaire with sociodemographic data and biochemical tests was applied. The results of the study found that there were significant differences in age among groups (p=0.05), with the diabetic group being younger than other groups. There is a direct positive relationship between HbA1c levels and ferritin (β=2%, p=0.001) and fasting blood sugar (β=1.8%, p=0.001). The findings also show an inverse relationship between glycosylated hemoglobin and transferrin (β=0.1%, p=0.001), as well as mean corpuscular volume (MCV) (β=1.8%, p=0.001). The study finding confirms a positive correlation between HbA1c with ferritin levels and a negative association with transferrin. Iron status in diabetes patients' treatment plans should considered while the interpretation of the HbA1c concentrations. In addition, diabetes patients' treatment plans should take ferritin level adjustment into account.
Volume: 14
Issue: 2
Page: 898-903
Publish at: 2025-06-01

A hybrid convolutional neural network-recurrent neural network approach for breast cancer detection through Mask R-CNN and ARI-TFMOA optimization

10.11591/ijece.v15i3.pp3084-3094
Keshetti Sreekala , Srilatha Yalamati , Annemneedi Lakshmanarao , Gubbala Kumari , Tanapaneni Muni Kumari , Venkata Subbaiah Desanamukula
This paper presents a novel hybrid deep learning-based approach for breast cancer detection, addressing critical challenges such as overfitting and performance degradation in varying data conditions. Unlike traditional methods that struggle with detection accuracy, this work integrates a unique combination of advanced segmentation and classification techniques. The segmentation phase leverages Mask region-based convolutional neural network (R-CNN), enhanced by the adaptive random increment-based tomtit flock metaheuristic optimization algorithm (ARI-TFMOA), a novel algorithm inspired by natural flocking behavior. ARI-TFMOA fine-tunes Mask R-CNN parameters, achieving improved feature extraction and segmentation precision while ensuring adaptability to diverse datasets. For classification, a hybrid convolutional neural network-recurrent neural network (CNN-RNN) model is introduced, combining spatial feature extraction by CNNs with temporal pattern recognition by RNNs, resulting in a more nuanced and comprehensive analysis of breast cancer images. The proposed framework achieved significant advancements over existing methods, demonstrating improved performance. This hybrid integration of ARI-TFMOA and Hybrid CNN-RNN models represents a unique contribution, enabling robust, accurate, and efficient breast cancer detection.
Volume: 15
Issue: 3
Page: 3084-3094
Publish at: 2025-06-01

Genetic algorithm-adapted activation function optimization of deep learning framework for breast mass cancer classification in mammogram images

10.11591/ijece.v15i3.pp2820-2833
Noor Fadzilah Razali , Iza Sazanita Isa , Siti Noraini Sulaiman , Muhammad Khusairi Osman , Noor Khairiah A. Karim , Dayang Suhaida Awang Damit
The convolutional neural network (CNN) has been explored for mammogram cancer classification to aid radiologists. CNNs require multiple convolution and non-linearity repetitions to learn data sparsity, but deeper networks often face the vanishing gradient effect, which hinders effective learning. The rectified linear unit (ReLU) activation function activates neurons only when the output exceeds zero, limiting activation and potentially lowering performance. This study proposes an adaptive ReLU based on a genetic algorithm (GA) to determine the optimal threshold for neuron activation, thus improving the restrictive nature of the original ReLU. We compared performances on the INbreast and IPPT-mammo mammogram datasets using ReLU and leakyReLU activation functions. Results show accuracy improvements from 95.0% to 97.01% for INbreast and 84.9% to 87.4% for IPPT-mammo with ReLU and from 93.03% to 99.0% for INbreast and 84.03% to 91.06% for IPPT-mammo with leakyReLU. Significant accuracy improvements were observed for breast cancer classification in mammograms, demonstrating its potential to aid radiologists with more robust and reliable diagnostic tools.
Volume: 15
Issue: 3
Page: 2820-2833
Publish at: 2025-06-01

Highly sensitive microwave sensor for metallic mine detection

10.11591/ijece.v15i3.pp2631-2641
Maged A. Aldhaeebi , Thamer S. Almoneef
This study introduces an innovative microwave system for detecting buried metallic landmines, providing an alternative to conventional imaging approaches. The system consists of two highly sensitive sensors, each configured with identical antennas arranged in a triangular formation to enhance sensitivity. The proposed microwave sensors exhibit exceptional sensitivity in detecting metallic landmines buried at various depths within sand and at different distances. Simulation and experimental studies were conducted using a foam box filled with sand and a metallic cube to simulate a landmine. The sensor’s sensitivity is evidenced by shifts in both the magnitude and phase of insertion loss (𝑆21) between scenarios with and without a metallic mine, attributed to differences in dielectric properties between the sand and the mine in the microwave spectrum. The results from both simulations and experiments confirm the sensor’s capability to detect metallic mines at varying depths within the sand medium. The proposed system offers significant advantages over imaging technologies for mine detection, including cost-effectiveness, simplicity, and ease of data processing without the need for complex imaging algorithms.
Volume: 15
Issue: 3
Page: 2631-2641
Publish at: 2025-06-01

Bibliometric analysis of research trends in college students' mobile phone addiction from 2013 to 2023

10.11591/ijphs.v14i2.24755
Ruifeng Wang , Sairah Abd Karim , Jacquline Tham
Mobile phone addiction (MPA) among college students is a growing concern affecting physical and mental well-being. This study employs CiteSpace 6.2.R6 to analyze research trends on MPA. A total of 957 articles published between 2013 and 2023 were analyzed, with key contributors including Griffiths, Mark D, and institutions like Nottingham Trent University and Toledo University. "Computers In Human Behavior" emerged as the most cited journal. Research focal points include the prevalence of MPA, its health effects, and its association with social media usage. Future research should focus on understanding the MPA-mental health correlation, improving methodologies, and conducting diverse intervention studies. This study identifies research hotspots and emphasizes the need for further investigations to expand understanding of MPA among college students. Collaboration between institutions and authors is crucial, along with diversification of research methods and tools.
Volume: 14
Issue: 2
Page: 603-621
Publish at: 2025-06-01

Enhancing plagiarism detection using data pre-processing and machine learning approach

10.11591/ijai.v14.i3.pp1940-1950
Vrushali Bhuyar , Sachin N. Deshmukh
Modern technology and the internet have enhanced academic information accessibility, but this has led to a rising global concern about plagiarism. Researchers are actively exploring machine learning as a promising solution for detection. This study underscores the importance of robust data preprocessing for optimal machine learning algorithm performance. Using a dataset of 67 research papers, big five factors (OCEAN), and plagiarism rates, the study employed machine learning to detect plagiarism. The training process involved exposing algorithms to an 80% training subset, followed by evaluating their performance on the remaining 20% in the testing phase, assessing generalization capabilities. For the random forest regressor, bagging regressor, gradient boosting regressor, XGB regressor, and AdaBoost regressor, corresponding root mean squared error (RMSE) are 9.48, 10.66, 11.79, 12.53, and 12.79, respectively. This research contributes novel insights to existing literature by introducing a plagiarism detection model that innovatively integrates outlier detection, normalization, missing value imputation, and feature selection. The unique aspect lies in the effective combination of feature selection and missing value imputation, surpassing previous benchmarks and optimizing precision and efficiency. The approach is metaphorically likened to assembling puzzle pieces, highlighting the distinctive methodology employed in enhancing the performance of the plagiarism detection model using data preprocessing.
Volume: 14
Issue: 3
Page: 1940-1950
Publish at: 2025-06-01

Exploring patient-patient interactions graphs by network analysis

10.11591/ijai.v14.i3.pp1752-1762
Zaher Salah , Esraa Abu Elsoud , Kamal Salah
Understanding how patient demographics and shared experiences impact interactions is essential for strengthening pa/tient support networks and optimizing health outcomes as personalized healthcare becomes more and more important. To this end, this study explores the patient-patient interactions (PPIs) graph as a network and applies selected network analysis approaches to examine the PPIs network of accutane drug. Two main research questions are addressed by gaining deeper insight at the hidden patterns of reactivity and connectivity among interchanging nodes. There was a negative response to the first research question, which asked if patients react to others that have similar gender and/or age profiles in a consistent way. Patients tended to interact with people of different genders and ages, indicating a high degree of heterogeneity in the network. Negative responses were likewise given to the second research question, which asked if communities inside the network could identify patients based on gender or age profile. Network analysis approaches for community detection failed to distinguish between groups with similar demographic characteristics. Rather, groups seemed to emerge based on other factors, like similarity in patient opinions. The results imply that gender and age do not have a major influence on community membership. Future research will concentrate on applying more sophisticated graph mining techniques to expand these approaches to cover more and larger PPIs networks.
Volume: 14
Issue: 3
Page: 1752-1762
Publish at: 2025-06-01

Investigating power quality issues in electric buggy battery charger systems: analysis and mitigation strategies

10.11591/ijece.v15i3.pp2534-2544
Wan Muhamad Hakimi Wan Bunyamin , Samshul Munir Muhamad , Wan Salha Saidon , Rahimi Baharom
This paper investigates power quality issues in the battery charger system of an electric buggy. Key power quality parameters such as total harmonic distortion (THD), power factor (PF), input voltage, and input current, were measured and analyzed during the charging process. The findings reveal significant power quality challenges, with THD levels exceeding IEEE 519 standards, indicating inefficiencies and potential risks such as increased heating and stress on charger components. Power factor readings reveal a substantial reactive power component, further contributing to inefficiency. To address these issues, the study recommends implementing harmonic mitigation techniques, such as passive and active filters, to reduce THD levels, using power factor correction methods, and optimizing charging algorithms to manage power demand more effectively. Continuous monitoring of charging parameters is essential for maintaining optimal performance and reliability. Adhering to standards is crucial for the efficient and reliable operation of electric vehicle (EV) charging systems, with regular compliance testing and benchmarking necessary to identify improvement areas and maintain a high-quality charging infrastructure. The proposed solutions aim to develop a sustainable and efficient charging system for electric buggies, providing valuable insights and recommendations for future research and development in power electronics and drive systems for EV applications.
Volume: 15
Issue: 3
Page: 2534-2544
Publish at: 2025-06-01

The therapeutic potential of Gua Sha on fascia: evidence and possible mechanisms

10.11591/ijphs.v14i2.25168
Beibei Wang , Hongxiu Chen , Wichai Eungpinichpong
In recent years, the effects of Gua Sha on fascia have gradually attracted attention. This review evaluates the effects of Gua Sha on fascia and its underlying mechanisms. We searched major academic databases for relevant studies using the keywords "Gua Sha or scraping," "fascia or pain or inflammation," and "randomized controlled trial (RCT)." Only RCTs published in English were included. Two independent reviewers screened and assessed the methodological quality of the studies using the PEDro scoring scale. After applying the inclusion criteria, nine studies involving 436 participants were included in the final analysis. The methodological quality of the included studies varied, with PEDro scores ranging from 6 to 9. Research results suggest that Gua Sha may help relieve pain, reduce fascial inflammation, and increase flexibility. Potential mechanisms include improved blood and lymph circulation, neuromodulation, and mechanical stimulation. These results highlight the potential of Gua Sha as an alternative treatment for fascia-related problems. Further studies are needed to consolidate these findings and elucidate the underlying mechanisms.
Volume: 14
Issue: 2
Page: 672-681
Publish at: 2025-06-01

Addressing the challenges of harmonizing law and artificial intelligence technology in modern society

10.11591/ijai.v14.i3.pp2471-2478
Lamprini Seremeti , Sofia Anastasiadou , Andreas Masouras , Stylianos Papalexandris
The invasion of artificial intelligence (AI) in all forms of human activity causes the sudden change of social cohesion into a new hybrid reality, where the static rule of law maybe is overthrown by the instant violations of fundamental human rights, including the general rights of personhood, in its image, honor, and privacy, as well as, of general principles of law, including the principle of the “abuse of rights”, the principle of contractual autonomy, principles of tort liability, and general principles of intellectual property law. In that sense, AI disrupts the acquis due to the poor regulatory quality indicators covering unforeseen occurrences. We call this instantiation AI legal “coup d’état”. This paper constitutes a philosophical thesis statement which is in accordance with the global efforts to legally embed AI into societal systems. As part of an ongoing research on AI and law synergy, this paper focuses on proposing a theoretical framework utilizing category theory to align AI functionalities with traditional legal principles.
Volume: 14
Issue: 3
Page: 2471-2478
Publish at: 2025-06-01

Factors associated with medication adherence in diabetes patients during the COVID-19 pandemic

10.11591/ijphs.v14i2.25672
Tung Do Dinh , Linh Thuy Thi Phan , Van Thuy Thi Pham , Huong Thi Lien Nguyen , Thao Thi Bich Cao , Thao Thi Nguyen , Son Tu Nguyen , Dua Thi Nguyen , Duy Huu Nguyen , Linh Phuong Nguyen , Toan Quoc Tran , Xuan Nguyen Thanh
Identifying the factors affecting diabetes medication adherence is an important step in establishing interventions to improve prescription compliance and help patients manage their disease effectively and successfully. A cross-sectional study of patients with type 2 diabetes (T2D) at Saint Paul Hospital, Hanoi, Vietnam, used a structured questionnaire. Of the 250 patients, 60% (150) were female. The median age was 67.5 years, and the median duration of diabetes was 9.6 years. The mean medication adherence report scale (MARS-5) score was 23.1±3.1. The mean fear of COVID-19 (FCoVID-19) score was 16.8±6.3. The mean self-efficacy for appropriate medication uses scale (SEAMS) score indicating the patient’s confidence in taking medication correctly was 31.1±5.6. The mean medication literacy measure (MLM), which assesses the patient’s knowledge of diabetes medications, was 8.3±4.9, with 27.2% of patients having high levels. The relationships between adherence to medication and comorbidities, knowledge about medication, and psychological effects of diabetes were statistically significant according to multivariable linear regression. The study showed that intervention programs that focus on factors affecting adherence can be effective at improving patient health outcomes.
Volume: 14
Issue: 2
Page: 1096-1108
Publish at: 2025-06-01

Exploring the effectiveness of hybrid artificial bee PyCaret classifier in delay tolerant network against intrusions

10.11591/ijece.v15i3.pp3149-3161
Rajashri Chaudhari , Manoj Deshpande
In challenging environments with intermittent connectivity and the absence of end-to-end paths, delay tolerant networks (DTNs) require robust security measures to safeguard against potential threats. This study addresses these issues by implementing an intrusion detection system (IDS) enhanced with machine learning techniques. Common threats such as distributed denial-of-service (DDoS) and flood attacks are tackled using datasets like network intrusion detection (NID) and flood attack datasets. Multiple machines learning methods, including k-nearest neighbors (K-NN), decision trees (DT), logistic regression (LR), and others, are utilized to improve detection accuracy. A PyCaret-based approach is developed to increase efficiency while preserving attack detection accuracy in DTNs. Comparative research demonstrates that PyCaret outperforms Scikit-learn models, and the artificial bee PyCaret classifier (ABPC) optimizes hyperparameters to improve model performance. NS2 simulation shows the system's ability to thwart attacks, offering useful insights into DTN security and improving communication reliability in various situations.
Volume: 15
Issue: 3
Page: 3149-3161
Publish at: 2025-06-01

Ensemble model-based arrhythmia classification with local interpretable model-agnostic explanations

10.11591/ijai.v14.i3.pp2012-2025
Md. Rabiul Islam , Tapan Kumar Godder , Ahsan Ul-Ambia , Ferdib Al-Islam , Anindya Nag , Bulbul Ahamed , Nujhut Tanzim , Md. Estiak Ahmed
Arrhythmia can lead to heart failure, stroke, and sudden cardiac arrest. Prompt diagnosis of arrhythmia is crucial for appropriate treatment. This analysis utilized four databases. We utilized seven machine learning (ML) algorithms in our work. These algorithms include logistic regression (LR), decision tree (DT), extreme gradient boosting (XGB), K-nearest neighbors (KNN), naïve Bayes (NB), multilayer perceptron (MLP), AdaBoost, and a bagging ensemble of these approaches. In addition, we conducted an analysis on a stacking ensemble consisting of XGB and bagging XGB. This study examines various arrhythmia detection techniques using both a single base dataset and a composite dataset. The objective is to identify the optimal model for the combined dataset. This study aims to evaluate the efficacy of these models in accurately categorizing normal (N) and abnormal (A) heartbeats as binary classes. The empirical findings demonstrated that the stacking ensemble approach exhibited superior accuracy when used with the combined dataset. Arrhythmia classification models rely on this as a crucial component. The binary classification achieved an accuracy of 98.61%, a recall of 97.66%, and a precision of 97.77%. Subsequently, the local interpretable model-agnostic explanations (LIME) technique is employed to assess the prediction capability of the model.
Volume: 14
Issue: 3
Page: 2012-2025
Publish at: 2025-06-01
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