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31,456 Article Results

Generation of business process modeling notation diagrams from textual functional requirements in Indonesian

10.11591/ijece.v15i3.pp2938-2950
Sholiq Sholiq , Muhammad Ainul Yaqin , Apol Pribadi Subriadi , Bambang Setiawan
This study proposes a method for converting textual functional requirements in Indonesian to business process modeling notation (BPMN) diagrams. has not been found in previous studies. The use of BPMN diagrams to present software functional requirements has the advantage of being better in terms of presenting sequential activities than using use case diagrams. On the other hand, the requirements obtained from clients in the requirements collection session are more in the form of user stories, namely text in natural language. The method used in this study is to integrate natural language processing and a set of mapping rules and BPMN diagram generation rules. The proposed method is tested with 15 functional requirement cases from three applications, namely mini hospital software, employee cooperatives, and stores. Then, the results are compared with diagrams made by experts for the same cases. The test results show an accurate level of the proposed method of 94.4%.
Volume: 15
Issue: 3
Page: 2938-2950
Publish at: 2025-06-01

Q-learning based active monitoring with weighted least connection round robin load balancing principle for serverless computing

10.11591/ijece.v15i3.pp3171-3179
Yashwanth Balan , Arokia Paul Rajan
Serverless computing is considered one of the most promising technologies for real-time applications, with function as a service (FaaS) managing service requests in serverless computing. Load balancing played a vital role in assigning tasks in serverless computing for customers; user requests were controlled by load balancing algorithms and managed using machine learning techniques to deliver results and performance metrics within specified time limits. All serverless computing applications aimed to achieve optimal performance based on the most effective load balancing techniques, which directed requests to the appropriate servers in a timely manner. This research focused on developing a novel Q-learning based active monitoring with least connection round robin load balancing principle (Q-LAMWLR LB) for serverless computing to address the aforementioned challenge. Also, aimed to intelligently assign requests to serverless computing based on the number of requests arriving at the load balancer and how intelligently they could be directed to the appropriate server. This work utilized standard techniques to calculate the average response time for each scheduling algorithm and develop a novel intelligent load-balancing technique in serverless computing. Required experiment were conducted and the results are giving the improvement as compared to other load balancing principles. The further research in this area also identified and presented.
Volume: 15
Issue: 3
Page: 3171-3179
Publish at: 2025-06-01

Optimizing real-time data preprocessing in IoT-based fog computing using machine learning algorithms

10.11591/ijai.v14.i3.pp1900-1909
Nandini Gowda Puttaswamy , Anitha Narasimha Murthy
In the era of the internet of things (IoT), managing the massive influx of data with minimal latency is crucial, particularly within fog computing environments that process data close to its origin. Traditional methods have been inadequate, struggling with the high variability and volume of IoT data, which often leads to processing inefficiencies and poor resource allocation. To address these challenges, this paper introduces a novel machine learning-driven approach named real-time data preprocessing in IoT-based fog computing using machine learning algorithms (IoT-FCML). This method dynamically adapts to the changing characteristics of data and system demands. The implementation of IoT-FCML has led to significant performance enhancements: it reduces latency by approximately 0.26%, increases throughput by up to 0.3%, improves resource efficiency by 0.20%, and decreases data privacy overhead by 0.64%. These improvements are achieved through the integration of smart algorithms that prioritize data privacy and efficient resource use, allowing the IoT-FCML method to surpass traditional preprocessing techniques. Collectively, the enhancements in processing speed, adaptability, and data security represent a substantial advancement in developing more responsive and efficient IoT-based fog computing infrastructures, marking a pivotal progression in the field.
Volume: 14
Issue: 3
Page: 1900-1909
Publish at: 2025-06-01

Skin cancer diagnosis using hybrid deep pre-trained convolutional neural networks

10.11591/ijai.v14.i3.pp2291-2301
Maha Ibrahim Khaleel , Amir Lakizadeh
As a variant of skin cancer, melanoma represents a substantial menace to the health and overall well-being of individuals. Statistics reveal that 55% of skin cancer patients succumb to this particular disease. However, early detection plays a crucial role in reducing mortality rates and saving lives. In the past several decades, there has been a rise in the adoption of deep learning algorithms, capturing the interest of researchers working in this field. One popular method involves utilizing pre-trained deep neural networks. In this study, a hybrid approach is employed to extract features from melanoma images. This approach integrates the utilization of pre-trained architectures, including AlexNet, ResNet-50, and GoogleNet. During the transfer training phase, these networks are fine-tuned to detect skin cancer by adjusting the learning rate. Subsequently, the maximum relevance minimum redundancy (MRMR) algorithm is employed to select optimal features based on the concepts of minimum redundancy and maximum relevance in order to minimize feature redundancy and enhance classification accuracy. The bagging technique is employed for the classification of various skin cancer types. The experimental results demonstrate the success of the suggested approach, yielding 98.9% accuracy. Furthermore, the results indicate the superiority of this method according to precision, recall, and F1-score in comparison with existing algorithms.
Volume: 14
Issue: 3
Page: 2291-2301
Publish at: 2025-06-01

Semantic based medical visual question answering with explainable artificial intelligence

10.11591/ijai.v14.i3.pp2169-2177
Sheerin Sitara Noor Mohamed , Kavitha Srinivasan , Raghuraman Gopalsamy
The medical visual question answering (MVQA) system takes the advantage of both computer vision (CV) and natural language processing (NLP) to accept the medical image and corresponding question as input and generates the respective answer as output. One step further, the MVQA system capable of generating the answer based on the semantics has a distinct place and hence semantic based medical visual question answering (SMVQA) system is proposed in this research. In SMVQA, the semantics for input image and question are generated using layerwise relevance propagation explainable artificial intelligence (LRP XAI) technique and the answer is derived using deductive reasoning method. For this, seven MVQA datasets are used for model creation, testing and validation. The training phase of the SMVQA system is implemented using VGGNet, long short-term memory (LSTM), LRP XAI, ResNet and bidirectional encoder representations from transformers (BERT) to generate a model file. Then the inference is derived in the testing phase based on the generated model file for the test set. Finally, the answer is derived from the inference using natural language toolkit (NLTK) library, term frequency-inverse document frequency (TF-IDF), cosine similarity, best match25 (BM25) techniques along with deductive reasoning. As a result, the proposed SMVQA system gives improved performance then the existing MVQA system especially for abnormality type samples.
Volume: 14
Issue: 3
Page: 2169-2177
Publish at: 2025-06-01

Advancement in driver drowsiness and alcohol detection system using internet of things and machine learning

10.11591/ijece.v15i3.pp3477-3493
Avenaish Sivaprakasam , Sumendra Yogarayan , Jashila Nair Mogan , Siti Fatimah Abdul Razak , Mohd. Fikri Azli Abdullah , Afizan Azman , Kavilan Raman
Globally traffic accidents are influenced by factors such as drowsiness and alcohol consumption. Consequently, there has been a considerable focus on the development of detection systems as part of ongoing efforts to mitigate these risks. This review paper aims to offer a comprehensive analysis of various drowsiness and alcohol detection methods. The paper particularly emphasizes drowsiness and alcohol detection methods, including those centered on sensor-based approaches, physiological-based techniques, and visual analysis of the eye and mouth state. The aim is to evaluate their method, effectiveness and highlight recent advancements within this domain. Additionally, this review paper evaluates the research gaps of these detection methods, considering factors such as precision, sensitivity, specificity, and adaptability to different environmental conditions.
Volume: 15
Issue: 3
Page: 3477-3493
Publish at: 2025-06-01

Multilayer stacking for polycystic ovary syndrome diagnosis

10.11591/ijai.v14.i3.pp1968-1975
Kazi Abu Taher , Samia Ahmed , Jannatul Ferdous Esha , Md. Sazzadur Rahman , A. S. M. Sanwar Hosen
Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is a complicated hormonal condition that is experienced by women. Despite extensive research, the precise reason be hind PCOS remains unknown, and effective treatments are still lacking. Thus, early diagnosis and treatment have a significant positive impact on the health of women. Recently, there has been remarkable performance demonstrated by machine learning (ML)-based detection models for PCOS identification. They are fast and low cost compared to the traditional processes. In this work, a multi stacking PCOS detection model is proposed using K-fold cross validation. The model uses three different ML algorithms namely: na¨ıve Bayes (NB), ran dom forest (RF), and logistic regression (LR) as base classifiers and a neural network, multi-layer perception (MLP) as meta model. This approach utilizes two feature selection techniques and compares the performances on the stack ing methods. Among the two feature selection techniques, Pearson correlation approach performed better with average 98.79% accuracy, 99.17% sensitivity, 98.40% specificity, and 98.79% f1-score.
Volume: 14
Issue: 3
Page: 1968-1975
Publish at: 2025-06-01

MOERID: enhancing open educational resource discoverability through an artificial intelligence-powered chatbot recommender system

10.11591/ijece.v15i3.pp3107-3117
Sandoussi Rima , Hnida Meriem , Daoudi Najima , Ajhoun Rachida
Open educational resources (OER) are valuable assets in learning and teaching. They ensure cost-effectiveness and customizability, and contribute to global collaboration in the education realm. Hence, education stakeholders face a critical challenge in locating suitable OERs that meet their needs and pedagogical objectives. To cater to this issue, researchers propose diverse digital solutions, one being recommender systems (RS). While a wide array of the suggested tools focused on learners only, this study introduces MOERID, an AI-powered OER Recommender Chatbot aimed at the teaching community. It aspires to facilitate resource discoverability, allowing instructors to save time and energy to concentrate on other pedagogical duties. MOERID engages NLP and recommendation filtering techniques to locate and deliver relevant OERs to instructors. The study describes the implementation of MOERID, highlights its efficacy and provides actionable recommendations for future research by outlining the research gaps.
Volume: 15
Issue: 3
Page: 3107-3117
Publish at: 2025-06-01

Application of the adaptive neuro-fuzzy inference system for prediction of the electrical energy production in Jakarta

10.11591/ijai.v14.i3.pp1790-1798
Yoga Tri Nugraha , Catra Indra Cahyadi , Rizkha Rida , Margie Subahagia Ningsih , Dewi Sholeha , Indra Roza
Jakarta, as a rapidly growing urban area, faces challenges in balancing energy demand with supply while addressing environmental concerns associated with traditional energy sources. Electrical energy production prediction in urban environments like Jakarta is crucial for effective energy management, ensuring stable supply, and promoting sustainable development. The prediction of electrical energy production in Jakarta is critical for ensuring stable and sustainable energy supply. This research proposed the application of the adaptive neuro-fuzzy inference system (ANFIS) as a predictive tool specifically tailored for Jakarta's energy production prediction context. The research methodology used in this study is the ANFIS. Five levels make up the architecture of the ANFIS model: output, normalization, defuzzification, rule evaluation, and fuzzification. The fuzzification layer converts input variables into linguistic terms using membership functions, while the rule evaluation layer calculates the activation strength of each rule based on the input values. The predicted results of Jakarta electrical energy production from 2023 to 2028 are 65,288 GWh and there is an annual increase of 5.25%. The error contained in ANFIS is with a root mean square error (RMSE) value of 0.0001058% and a mean absolute percentage error (MAPE) value of 0.00875%.
Volume: 14
Issue: 3
Page: 1790-1798
Publish at: 2025-06-01

A hybrid adaptive neuro-fuzzy inference system and reptile search algorithm model for wind power forecasting

10.11591/ijece.v15i3.pp2857-2873
Mohamad I. Al-Widyan , Laith Abualigah , Ghaith M. Jaradat , Mutasem Khalil Alsmadi
Estimating the number of wind ranches generated in the upcoming minutes, hours, or days is the focus of wind power forecasting. Deep learning has garnered a lot of interest in wind control estimation because of how well they perform classification, grouping, and recurrence. The adaptive neuro-fuzzy inference system was successfully applied in wind power forecasting. However, its performance relies on optimal selection of hyperparameters. This study introduces a novel predictive model by incorporating the reptile search algorithm with adaptive neuro-fuzzy inference system (ANFIS) for short-term wind power forecasting. It employs reptile search algorithm (RSA), known for adjustable parameters, disentangled search, and consistent outcomes, to optimize ANFIS’s hyperparameters. Additionally, via exploitation during training, RSA performs a selection of best features in the dataset that contributes to the classification accuracy of ANFIS. This aims to enhance precision of the anticipated yield. Employing authentic wind power data from Jordan is undertaken to evaluate efficiency. The performance is compared with alternative techniques, including artificial neural networks, random forests, and support vector machines. Findings showed that ANFIS-RSA performs competitively for the well-known Chinese benchmark dataset (99.9% accuracy; 0.99 R2; 10.54 MAE; 11.62 RMSE) and is more robustly accurate than others over the Jordanian dataset (0.84.6% accuracy; 0.96 R2; 0.098 MAE; 0.203 RMSE).
Volume: 15
Issue: 3
Page: 2857-2873
Publish at: 2025-06-01

Marginalized particle filtering for reliable land vehicle navigation in global navigation satellite system-denied environments

10.11591/ijece.v15i3.pp2735-2747
Abdelkabir Lahrech , Aziz Soulhi
Accurate localization in land vehicle navigation systems is highly dependent on the global navigation satellite system (GNSS). However, GNSS signal outages are common in urban areas due to obstacles such as tall buildings and tunnels. To mitigate these issues, digital road maps and dead reckoning sensors, like odometers, are often integrated to provide continuous vehicle localization. This paper presents a robust estimation method to solve the fusion problem of GNSS, odometer, and digital road map measurements in the presence of GNSS out- ages. The proposed solution utilizes a marginalized particle filter (MPF), which combines the robustness of particle filtering with the efficiency of a Kalman filter to handle the linear and non-linear parts of the state and/or measurement equations, respectively. When GNSS signals are unavailable, the MPF fuses all available pseudo-range data with odometric and map information to enhance vehicle positioning. The effectiveness of the proposed method is demonstrated using real-world data in an urban transportation scenario, highlighting signifi- cant performance improvements and real-time application potential.
Volume: 15
Issue: 3
Page: 2735-2747
Publish at: 2025-06-01

Evaluating search key distribution impact on searching performance in large data streams

10.11591/ijai.v14.i3.pp2537-2546
Bowonsak Srisungsittisunti , Jirawat Duangkaew , Nakarin Chaikaew
The distribution pattern of search keys is assessed in this study by contrasting four methods of index searching on large-scale JSON files with data streams. The Adelson-Velskii and Landis (AVL) tree, binary search tree (BST), linear search (LS), and binary search (BS) are among the search strategies. We look at the normal distribution, left-skewed distribution, and right-skewed distribution of search-key distributions. According to the results, LS performs the slowest, averaging 653.166 milliseconds, whereas AVL tree performs better than the others in dense index, with an average search time of 0.005 milliseconds. With 0.011 milliseconds per keyword for sparse index, BS outperforms LS, which averages 1007.848 milliseconds. For dense indexing, an AVL tree works best; for sparse indexing, BS is recommended.
Volume: 14
Issue: 3
Page: 2537-2546
Publish at: 2025-06-01

Ledger on internet of things: a blockchain framework for resource-constrained devices

10.11591/ijai.v14.i3.pp2506-2518
Suresh Jaganathan , Karthika Veeramani
The increasing use of resource-constrained devices such as the internet of things (IoT) in various applications has led to the need for an optimized blockchain framework for these devices. Blockchain-based IoT networks allow businesses to access and share IoT data within their organization without centralized authority. However, existing frameworks are not designed for IoT applications and lack features like decentralization, scalability, and network overhead. To overcome these limitations, a new blockchain framework is proposed: ledger on internet of things (LIoT), which has a new consensus-based leader election algorithm to address the challenges of existing algorithms with high block creation time and communication overhead. Moreover, a novel data structure has been developed to reduce the storage size of the ledger effectively. The proposed framework also employs a docker for deployment, which provides an efficient and easy setup of blockchain nodes without requiring the individual configuration of each machine, increases the efficiency of the consensus process, and enables convenient deployment and management of the blockchain framework on resource-constrained devices. Furthermore, the performance of the proposed consensus method is analyzed using various performance parameters, including CPU usage, memory usage, transaction execution time, and block generation time.
Volume: 14
Issue: 3
Page: 2506-2518
Publish at: 2025-06-01

Techniques of Quran reciters recognition: a review

10.11591/ijai.v14.i3.pp1683-1695
Ibrahim Alomari , Asma Alshargabi , Mohammed Hadwan
The Quran is the holy book of the Islam. Reading and listening to the Quran is an important part of the daily life of Muslims. Muslims are keen to listen to recitations of Quran by skilled reciters to learn the correct recitation for the purpose of understanding and contemplating. Therefore, there are large variety of audio recitations for many skilled reciters. With the availability of this huge amount of recitations and also with the great progress in voice recognition technologies, many research efforts have been devoted to contribute making recitation better using artificial intelligence. One useful application in this area is identifying the reciters of the Quran. There are various solutions introduced by researchers; however, these solutions vary significantly in terms of accuracy, and efficiency. This research seeks to provide a review of these solutions. It also reviews available datasets using different criteria. Finally, some open issues and challenges were addressed.
Volume: 14
Issue: 3
Page: 1683-1695
Publish at: 2025-06-01

Artificial intelligence multilingual image-to-speech for accessibility and text recognition

10.11591/ijai.v14.i3.pp1743-1751
Rosalina Rosalina , Hasanul Fahmi , Genta Sahuri
The primary challenge for visually impaired and illiterate individuals is accessing and understanding visual content, which hinders their ability to navigate environments and engage with text-based information. This research addresses this problem by implementing an artificial intelligence (AI)-powered multilingual image-to-speech technology that converts text from images into audio descriptions. The system combines optical character recognition (OCR) and text-to-speech (TTS) synthesis, using natural language processing (NLP) and digital signal processing (DSP) to generate spoken outputs in various languages. Tested for accuracy, the system demonstrated high precision, recall, and an average accuracy rate of 0.976, proving its effectiveness in real-world applications. This technology enhances accessibility, significantly improving the quality of life for visually impaired individuals and offering scalable solutions for illiterate populations. The results also provide insights for refining OCR accuracy and expanding multilingual support.
Volume: 14
Issue: 3
Page: 1743-1751
Publish at: 2025-06-01
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