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25,002 Article Results

High order sliding mode control for grid integration of photovoltaic systems

10.11591/ijape.v14.i1.pp118-126
Noureddine Ech-cherki , Oumaima Echab , Youssef Errami , Abdellatif Obbadi , Smail Sahnoun , Mohssin Aoutoul
The article suggests employing second-order sliding mode control (SOSMC) to manage photovoltaic systems (PVS) connected to the electrical grid. These systems face complexities due to non-linearities, variability, uncertainties, disturbances, and climate changes. The proposed control strategy utilizes two converters: one at the photovoltaic generator (PVG) side for maximum power point tracking (MPPT) to optimize energy generation and another at the grid connection point to regulate power injection into the grid and maintain the DC bus voltage (Vdc) while achieving unit power factor (UPF). Both converters are equipped with SOSMC controllers, enabling independent adjustment of active (P) and reactive (Q) power. This approach aims to enhance the energy efficiency and robustness of PVS under varying climatic conditions. The performance of the system is evaluated under standard and variable irradiation conditions using the MATLAB/Simulink environment. Simulation results indicate that SOSMC significantly improves system performance and efficiency compared to conventional vector control (CVC). Notably, it reduces active power overshoot by 100%, decreases Vdc response time, and lowers total harmonic distortion (THD) of the current to 1.19%, demonstrating its effectiveness across different irradiation levels.
Volume: 14
Issue: 1
Page: 118-126
Publish at: 2025-03-01

Analysis of the soft switching modes for energy loss measurement of high frequency closed-loop boost converter

10.11591/ijape.v14.i1.pp64-73
Ajoya Kumar Pradhan , Sarita Samal , Prasanta Kumar Barik , Smrutiranjan Nayak
This manuscript explains the analysis of the soft switching technology to measure the energy loss of high-frequency closed loop boost converter with zero-current switching (ZCS) and zero-voltage switching (ZVS) techniques. To get these attributes, the use of soft power converters that utilize soft switching techniques is essential. This paper examines the ZCS/ZVS AC/DC converter design, used in high-power systems for renewable energy and battery charging. This converter architecture ensures semiconductor switches turn on and off at zero voltage and current. It smooths rectifier diodes, reducing switching and reverse recovery losses. It has better power quality, efficiency, and input power factor. Practical study has been done to verify the converter's theoretical analysis. Empirical research shows gentle switching enhances system efficiency. Energy losses are reduced by 26% while turning on and 20% when turning off compared to the ZVS and ZCS. The prototype converter is built to corroborate simulation results. Compared to ZVS and ZCS, switching losses are lower and efficiency decline is modest across the operating range. This shows that the simulation and experimental results are consistent.
Volume: 14
Issue: 1
Page: 64-73
Publish at: 2025-03-01

Design and control of a grid-connected solar-wind hybrid sustainable energy generation systems using DFIG

10.11591/ijape.v14.i1.pp188-201
G. B. Arjun Kumar , M. Balamurugan , K. N. Sunil Kumar , Ravi Gatti
An optimal control of a grid-connected solar-wind hybrid scheme for the electricity generation system by utilizing both wind and solar renewable energy in a remote region that is inaccessible to the electricity grid. The control and assessment of a hybrid sustainable energy generation system power system that supplies three-phase, four-line loads as well as a battery array are presented in this research work. Wind energy conversion system (WECS) is comprised of a doubly-fed induction generator (DFIG) and two pulse width modulation (PWM) voltage source converters, namely the grid side converter (GSC) and the rotor side converter (RSC), which are linked together via a DC-link and are equipped with a technique for maximum power point tracking (MPPT). The grid voltage-oriented control strategy is employed to provide a consistent DC-bus voltage for the GSC and to regulate the reactive power on the power grid. Even the difference in voltage and frequency can be controlled with this novel strategy. The stator voltage-oriented vector technique is designed in the RSC control strategy, resulting in effective regulation of reactive and active power at the stator as well as an MPPT obtained by controlling the optimal torque. The hybrid sustainable energy generating system (HSEGS) simulation model is designed to have a capacity of 5 kW, and its efficiency is evaluated using the MATLAB/ Simulink platform and demonstrated in a variety of circumstances.
Volume: 14
Issue: 1
Page: 188-201
Publish at: 2025-03-01

Optimizing standalone dual PV systems with four-port converter technology

10.11591/ijape.v14.i1.pp81-89
Sharma Sha , Rajambal Kalayanasundaram
This paper analyses the four-port converter (FPC) based PV system. The discussed FPC is developed for hybrid energy sources (HES) with the merits of a single converting stage, fewer switches, and simple topology. By tapping two source ports from the midway of its two switching legs, the FPC presented in this work is developed from the basic full bridge converter (FBC). The pulses are produced using the phase angle control with pulse width modulation (PPAS) technique. Different modes of operation of the FPC are analyzed elaborately to give an insight into its topology. To efficiently manage power distribution among the ports and regulate their voltage, two key control variables have been utilized: duty ratio and phase angle. An in-depth presentation is provided on the design and modeling of a four-port converter. It provides autonomous management of power allocation among terminals and regulation of load voltage. Finally, simulated key waveforms of the FPC and simulation results to demonstrate the decoupled regulation of power sharing and load voltage of a PV system under varying input and output conditions are presented. The experimental prototype of the four-port converter results is discussed and presented in detail.
Volume: 14
Issue: 1
Page: 81-89
Publish at: 2025-03-01

Comparison of dual isolated converters with flyback converters for bidirectional energy transfer

10.11591/ijape.v14.i1.pp55-63
Rahul G. Mapari , Kishor Bhangale , Sunil Somnath Kadlag , Rakesh Shriwastava
This article demonstrates a proposed technique for improving single-stage rectifiers' power factor (PF) and controlling the load voltage in response to grid voltage and load changes. To alleviate the above problem, this article offers a novel bi-directional continuous switching pulse width modulation (CSPWM) and sinusoidal pulse width modulation (SPWM) based converter that can improve PF and reduce harmonics. This converter is evaluated based on two cases, Case I: CSPWM-based rectification and SPWM-based inversion scheme, and Case II: Rectification and inversion, both operations using the SPWM scheme. The proposed control scheme uses two Bi-directional IGBTs and two diodes, which are bridgeless, do not need a transformer, and are free from the output current sensor. The suggested scheme is simulated using MATLAB/Simulink and implemented on DSPic33FJ64mc802 platforms to validate the effectiveness of the proposed approach using two cases for a 1 KW system. The suggested control scheme provides improved PF, good voltage regulation, and depreciation in harmonics and total harmonic distortions (THD) compared to existing systems that enhance converter performance.
Volume: 14
Issue: 1
Page: 55-63
Publish at: 2025-03-01

A novel fast MPPT strategy with high efficiency for fast changing irradiance in PV systems

10.11591/ijape.v14.i1.pp163-172
Pujari Anjappa , K. Jithendra Gowd
This paper discusses about the photovoltaic (PV) system novel non-iterative maximum power point tracking algorithm with faster converging speed under varying solar irradiation level. PV system is a scattered renewable energy resource and a safe environmental energy source. However, the PV power oscillates around MPP value due to the fluctuations of temperature and insolation effects, leading to nonlinear maximum power tracking issues. For each change in atmospheric condition, output of the PV system changes necessitating the need to search for new maximum power conditions. An efficient maximum power point tracking (MPPT) device that improves the power transmitting efficiency along with a suitable high frequency direct current (DC) to DC power converter device are required for efficient operation. Finally, a comparison is made between existing MPPT algorithms and proposed novel non-iterative MPPT algorithm. The proposed MPPT system show that the overall tracking speed of the proposed MPPT is 5.6 times, 3.8 times faster than perturb and observe (P&O) method and INC method respectively. During the variation of irradiance, the power loss is reduced by 18.84% and 11.29% in comparison with P&O and INC method. The proposed method also minimizes the steady state oscillations.
Volume: 14
Issue: 1
Page: 163-172
Publish at: 2025-03-01

Performance analysis of conventional multilevel inverter driven PMSM drive in EV applications

10.11591/ijape.v14.i1.pp37-45
Rakesh G. Shriwastava , Pravin B. Pokle , Ajay M. Mendhe , Nitin Dhote , Rajendra M. Rewatkar , Rahul Mapari , Ranjit Dhunde , Hemant R. Bhagat Patil , Ramesh Pawase
This paper describes the simulation and hardware analysis of a two-level inverter-driven permanent magnet synchronous motor (PMSM) drive in EV applications. The design of various sections of PMSM Drive is discussed in detail. This proposed work is based on the voltage source converter (VSC) fed four-pole, 373 W. This paper highlights the design and implementation using a microcontroller of (PMSM) drive for various operating conditions. The experimental results show that the control and power circuit used in the design can achieve excellent and consistent speed performance. The performance along with test results of the speed and load variation of the PMSM drive is studied for steady-state conditions. The performance of the motor has been checked by increasing the inverter frequency with the speed of the motor and also keeping the frequency remains constant by varying the load and speed. Hardware analysis indicates the improved performance of the motor and the drive. It has good speed and torque responses and is suitable for EPS applications.
Volume: 14
Issue: 1
Page: 37-45
Publish at: 2025-03-01

Solar photovoltaic system fed water pumping system using BLDC motor with single input and multiple output converter

10.11591/ijape.v14.i1.pp74-80
Kommera Chaitanya , Arjyadhara Pradhan , Babita Panda
In recent times energy based on renewable energy sources is a good long-term alternative compared with traditional fossil fuel energy sources solar photovoltaic model-based irrigation water pump systems have gained more popularity. The one-input and multi-output converters are focused on BLDC motor drive-based solar photovoltaic with water pump. To model one input and multiple output converter components are connected viz it achieves tracking purpose and BLDC drive soft starting. The one-input and multiple-output converter exhibits the features of all converters and remarkably appears with the converter in the application of solar photovoltaic systems. It describes performance under varying environmental and inspects the BLDC motor effective with the suggested single input and multiple output converter for solar photovoltaic with a water pump with 95% efficacy and the price is USD 0.6/W. Test results have confirmed the BLDC motor suitability for solar photovoltaic with water pump employing MATLAB Toolbox followed by the test result verification. It is simply developed for rural areas because it is low cost, simple, and low maintenance.
Volume: 14
Issue: 1
Page: 74-80
Publish at: 2025-03-01

An effective transformer less 7 level inverter with optimized PID and buck boost controller for grid-connected PV systems

10.11591/ijape.v14.i1.pp23-36
B. Mohan Rao , Mohammad Haseeb Khan , B. Mangu
This research paper presents an effective transformer-less seven-level inverter with an optimized proportional-integral-derivative (PID) controller and buck-boost controller for grid-connected photovoltaic (PV) systems. The proposed model aims to achieve optimum power quality (PQ) in a hybrid power system integrating battery and PV. This is accomplished by utilizing a unified power quality conditioner (UPQC-PQ) with active and reactive power is developed, utilizing a hybrid metaheuristic algorithm named the honey badger algorithm (HBA) along with the equilibrium optimization algorithm (EOA), referred to as the honey badger equilibrium optimization (HBEO) algorithm. The PID controller in the proposed model is optimized using the HBEO algorithm, resulting in a highly efficient hybrid renewable energy system. By incorporating a 7-level multilevel inverter model with minimal switch usage (only 5 switches instead of 12), the proposed model ensures minimal switching losses. The proposed model is implemented and verified through the MATLAB/Simulink platform.
Volume: 14
Issue: 1
Page: 23-36
Publish at: 2025-03-01

A comparative analysis of ANFIS and fuzzy controllers for a dynamic hybrid model

10.11591/ijape.v14.i1.pp244-254
Laoufi Kaltoum , Youssef Mouloudi , Abdeldjebar Hazzab , Abdallah Ben Abdelkader
Transitioning from combustion engines to electric motors is essential to reduce CO₂ emissions and combat climate change. This study presents a dynamic hybrid model combining a fuel cell and battery for electric vehicles, emphasizing simplified parameter extraction from battery datasheets. The model integrates two energy storage systems: batteries for electrochemical storage and hydrogen for chemical storage, converted into electricity via a fuel cell stack. This dual approach enables flexible refueling options with electricity or hydrogen. An air compressor in the proton exchange membrane (PEM) fuel cell stack optimizes performance across varying driving conditions. The research aims to minimize fuel cell consumption and enhance energy storage efficiency using Sim Power Systems software. It employs traditional proportional integral derivative (PID) controllers and advanced optimization techniques, including fuzzy and ANFIS, to achieve optimal power distribution between the fuel cell system (FCS) and the energy secondary source (ESS) for specific road scenarios. The proposed ANFIS-based approach demonstrates superior control in balancing energy efficiency and driving dynamics, surpassing both PID and fuzzy logic controllers in key metrics. This innovative closed-loop control system offers a promising solution for hybrid electric vehicles, ensuring optimal performance and energy management.
Volume: 14
Issue: 1
Page: 244-254
Publish at: 2025-03-01

Optimal control of the UPFC for the stability of electrical networks

10.11591/ijape.v14.i1.pp180-187
Houria Ababsia , Djalel Dib , Abdelghani Djeddi
The unified power flow controller (UPFC) is a crucial element in contemporary power systems, specifically engineered to augment the manageability and adaptability of power transmission in electrical networks. UPFC provides instantaneous modifications to voltage magnitude, phase angle, and line impedance by using sophisticated power electronics and control algorithms. This research examines the function of the unified power flow controller (UPFC) in enhancing the power quality of electrical networks. The UPFC's capacity to dynamically regulate and optimize power flow assists in minimizing voltage fluctuations, decreasing transmission line losses, and improving system stability. In addition, UPFC effectively addresses problems such as voltage sags, swells, and flickers, hence enhancing the resilience and dependability of the power supply. This research highlights the importance of unified power flow control (UPFC) technology in improving system performance and power quality of electrical networks via a thorough examination of its applications. This article presents research on the performance of the unified power flow controller (UPFC) device in a network, specifically focusing on the use of PID and FO-PID controllers for regulating active and passive power.
Volume: 14
Issue: 1
Page: 180-187
Publish at: 2025-03-01

Analysis and simulation of 7-level and 9-level cascaded H-bridge multi-level inverters

10.11591/ijape.v14.i1.pp11-22
Sujatha Banka , Chava Sunil Kumar , Surender Reddy Salkuti , Sai Sruthi Bhupathiraju , Kasoju Pragathi Balakishan , Paipoti Pooja Chaturya , Rishitha Namineni
Multi-level inverters (MLIs) have created a new revolution in high-power and medium-voltage applications in industry and research. In recent years, cascaded multi-level inverters have gained significant interest due to their ability to generate high-quality output waveforms with reduced total harmonic distortion (THD). This paper discusses the analysis and simulation of 7-level and 9-level cascaded H-bridge multi-level inverters using mathematical models and simulation tools. The proposed research puts emphasis on evaluating the performance and control strategies of these inverters. The control strategies, including pulse width modulation (PWM) techniques, are discussed in depth, with a focus on their effect on output waveform quality and reduction of THD. The simulation results are compared to showcase the advantages offered by the cascaded multi-level inverters in terms of waveform quality. The findings demonstrate the superior performance and power quality advantages offered by these multi-level inverters compared to traditional two-level inverters. Additionally, a passive LC filter is designed and implemented along with a multi-level inverter configuration that helps to keep the THD within the limits specified by IEEE standards.
Volume: 14
Issue: 1
Page: 11-22
Publish at: 2025-03-01

Enhancement LVRT capability of DFIG driven wind conversion system

10.11591/ijape.v14.i1.pp224-234
Abdeslam Jabal Laafou , Abdessalam Ait Madi , Youssef Moumani , Hassan Essakhi
In this paper we present two techniques for protecting the doubly fed induction generator (DFIG) in the event of external disturbances on the electrical network, the crowbar circuit and series dynamic braking resistor (SDBR) techniques. During voltage dips, the first technique is triggered and short-circuits the rotor side converter (RSC) so as to maintain the rotor current within the desired limits. As a result, the DFIG behaves as an asynchronous cage generator that absorbs the reactive power coming from the voltage dip on the network which does not meet the grid code's (GC) requirements. The second technique makes it possible to limit overcurrent’s at the level of the stator and rotor of the DFIG, it will enable the wind power system to continue operating normally once the fault has disappeared and to stay connected to the network throughout the voltage dip. This SDBR technique presents a good compromise between its performance, its simplicity, its efficiency, and its implementation’s cost.
Volume: 14
Issue: 1
Page: 224-234
Publish at: 2025-03-01

Tomato leaf disease detection using Taguchi-based Pareto optimized lightweight CNN

10.11591/ijeecs.v37.i3.pp1772-1784
Bappaditya Das , C. S. Raghuvanshi
The prospect of food security becoming a global danger by 2050 due to the exponential growth of the world population. An increase in production is indispensable to satisfy the escalating demand for food. Considering the scarcity of arable land, safeguarding crops against disease is the best alternative to maximize agricultural output. The conventional method of visually detecting agricultural diseases by skilled farmers is time-consuming and vulnerable to inaccuracies. Technology-driven agriculture is an integral strategy for effectively addressing this matter. However, orthodox lightweight convolutional neural network (CNN) models for early crop disease detection require fine-tuning to enhance the precision and robustness of the models. Discovering the optimal combination of several hyperparameters might be an exhaustive process. Most researchers use trial and error to set hyperparameters in deep learning (DL) networks. This study introduces a new systematic approach for developing a less sensitive CNN for crop leaf disease detection by hyperparameter tuning in DL networks. Hyperparameter tuning using a Taguchi-based orthogonal array (OA) emphasizes the S/N ratio as a performance metric primarily dependent on the model’s accuracy. The multi-objective Pareto optimization technique accomplished the selection of a robust model. The experimental results demonstrated that the suggested approach achieved a high level of accuracy of 99.846% for tomato leaf disease detection. This approach can generate a set of optimal CNN models’ configurations to classify leaf disease with limited resources accurately.
Volume: 37
Issue: 3
Page: 1772-1784
Publish at: 2025-03-01

A fuzzy inference system for hand injury level classification using surface electromyography signals

10.11591/ijra.v14i1.pp103-112
Mark Joseph Bullo Enojas
The surface electromyography (SEMG) is extensively used in assessing injuries in the musculoskeletal parts of the body. Integrating intelligence in such applications impacted the development of intelligent medical devices. The conventional way of assessing hand injury level is manually and subjectively done by experts to identify the type of rehabilitation program recommended to the patient. This work uses SEMG data to classify hand injury levels through a fuzzy inference system (FIS). Three of the many features of the SEMG signal were selected based on its high distinction levels, namely, the root-mean-square, enhanced mean-absolute value, and the waveform length. Segmentation through a sliding window method is used for feature extraction. The FIS rules were designed based on the assessment guide of the experts. A Mamdani-type FIS classifier was used with membership functions which are a combination of trapezoidal and triangular types. A MATLAB Simulink model was also designed to test the FIS system. The setup effectively identified injury levels through tests with a healthy subject, wherein no muscle activation means an injury, while the full fist, as a full muscle activation or healthy. In between signal values vary with different injury levels. In the future, this setup will be tested on patients in a rehabilitation clinic for validation.
Volume: 14
Issue: 1
Page: 103-112
Publish at: 2025-03-01
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