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30,185 Article Results

Analysis of the implementation of the healthy Indonesia program policy with a family approach

10.11591/ijphs.v15i1.26855
Abdul Haris , M. Rizki Aditya
This study evaluates the implementation of the Healthy Indonesia Program Family Approach to improve public health and identify inhibiting and supporting factors. This qualitative research employs a case study approach to investigate healthcare dynamics at the Tambora Community Health Center in Bima City, Indonesia. Twelve informants were purposively selected. Data collection involved in-depth interviews, direct observation, and document review, allowing for a multifaceted perspective. An interactive analysis model by Miles and Huberman was used for data analysis, incorporating data collection, reduction, and presentation iteratively. Results showed that 85% of implementing staff had been trained, but there was a shortage of field surveyors, and family visit coverage only reached 72%, below the national target of 80%. Although the average healthy family index of 0.65 indicates adequate results, the main challenges lie in clean living behavior and nutritious diets. The program for mothers giving birth in health facilities reached 95%, but awareness of improving the management of chronic diseases, such as hypertension and tuberculosis, remained low, with treatment fulfillment at 65% and 70%, respectively. The conclusions highlight the need for adaptation strategies and continuous evaluation for the Healthy Indonesia Program to be successful across communities.
Volume: 15
Issue: 1
Page: 232-241
Publish at: 2026-03-05

Mental health status of healthcare workers in COVID-19 vs non-COVID-19 units: findings from Shariati Hospital, Tehran

10.11591/ijphs.v15i1.23419
Abdolhakim Jorbonyan , Maryam Khosrozadeh , Ali Karimi-rozveh
This cross-sectional study compared the mental health status of healthcare workers in COVID-19 and non-COVID-19 wards at Shariati Hospital, Tehran, Iran. A total of 250 healthcare workers were selected via systematic random sampling and completed the 28-item General Health Questionnaire (GHQ-28). Data were analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistics in SPSS 24.0. Participants had a mean age of 35.5 years (SD = 8.28) and included 52.6% females and 47.4% males. Based on a GHQ score >23, 63 (53.3%) of staff in COVID-19 wards and 51 (44.7%) in non-COVID-19 wards were suspected of having some degree of mental health disorder. Independent t-test results indicated that healthcare workers in COVID-19 wards experienced significantly higher levels of general mental health problems (t = 4.20, P < 0.001), anxiety (t = 5.55, P < 0.001), and somatic symptoms (t = 4.09, P < 0.001) compared to their counterparts in non-COVID-19 wards. The study highlights a relatively high prevalence of mental health disorders among hospital staff, particularly those working in COVID-19 units. Early identification of at-risk personnel, implementation of targeted interventions, and provision of counseling and psychological support are essential to safeguard the mental well-being and performance of healthcare workers during the ongoing pandemic.
Volume: 15
Issue: 1
Page: 1-7
Publish at: 2026-03-05

Antibiotic susceptibility profile of uropathogens in pregnant women with asymptomatic bacteriuria in tertiary care hospital: a cross-sectional study

10.11591/ijphs.v15i1.26813
K. Murugesh , Harvick P. Gowda , K. Pushpalatha , J. V. Sathish
Urinary tract infections (UTIs) are common during pregnancy due to physiological and anatomical changes that predispose women to infections. One such condition, asymptomatic bacteriuria (ASB), if left undiagnosed and untreated, can lead to serious maternal complications such as pyelonephritis, postpartum UTI, and hypertensive disorders, as well as neonatal complications including preterm birth, low birth weight, and intrauterine growth restriction. This study aimed to determine the prevalence of ASB, identify the major uropathogens, and analyze their antibiotic susceptibility patterns in pregnant women, to guide effective antenatal care and treatment. This cross-sectional study was conducted on 100 midstream urine samples, which were cultured using standard microbiological techniques. The bacterial isolates obtained were identified, and their antibiotic susceptibility was determined following standard guidelines. Out of 100 samples, 14 (14%) were positive for significant bacteriuria. The most common isolates were Staphylococcus aureus (42.8%), followed by Escherichia coli (28.6%) and Klebsiella species (28.6%). ASB was most prevalent in women aged 21-30 years (64.3%), during the first trimester (64.2%), and among multigravida women (57.2%). The isolated organisms showed good susceptibility to Ceftazidime/Clavulanic acid, Ciprofloxacin, Vancomycin, Amikacin, Piperacillin–Tazobactam, Imipenem, Teicoplanin, and Linezolid. Early detection and treatment can significantly reduce adverse outcomes, making bacteriuria screening an essential part of routine antenatal care.
Volume: 15
Issue: 1
Page: 132-139
Publish at: 2026-03-05

Nipah virus as an emerging threat: mutational dynamics, pathogenesis, and advances in vaccine development- a systematic review

10.11591/ijphs.v15i1.22365
Sadia Afrin , Md. Rezwan Ahmed Mahedi , Asma Akhter Radia , Joti Devi
Nipah virus (NiV) is an emerging zoonotic pathogen with significant pandemic potential. Large outbreaks, such as in Malaysia, required the culling of over one million pigs to control transmission. However, the epidemiology of NiV among animal hosts, including pigs, horses, and bats, remains incompletely understood. NiV infection primarily affects the respiratory and nervous systems, causing severe pneumonia, vasculitis, and meningitis, while encephalitis may be mild or infrequent in some cases. This systematic review summarizes current evidence on NiV mutational variation, pathogenesis, treatment strategies, and vaccine development up to 2022. Data were collected from major databases, including PubMed, PMC, and Cochrane Library. Due to limited therapeutic options, NiV management relies mainly on supportive care, as no approved vaccines or specific antiviral treatments are available for humans or livestock. Preventive strategies focus on reducing zoonotic transmission, particularly by minimizing contact between livestock and bat-contaminated food sources, and improving farm management practices. Early detection and continuous surveillance of high-risk populations and animal reservoirs are essential for outbreak control. Current vaccine research targets viral antigens using subunit and vector-based approaches. Overall, further studies are urgently needed to develop effective vaccines and antiviral therapies for NiV infection.
Volume: 15
Issue: 1
Page: 197-207
Publish at: 2026-03-05

Causes and risk factors of neonatal mortality through the AMP-SR framework: a scoping review in Indonesia

10.11591/ijphs.v15i1.26918
Sulicha Nurhayati , Martha Irene Kartasurya , Cahya Tri Purnami
Neonatal mortality in Indonesia continues to increase, especially during the first 0-6 days of life, indicating persistent gaps in the quality of maternal and neonatal care. The maternal perinatal surveillance and response audit (AMP-SR) is implemented to identify causes of death and guide preventive and curative actions. This scoping review aims to explore the causes and risk factors of neonatal mortality using the AMP-SR framework. Article searches were conducted in Google Scholar, Garuda, and PubMed using the keywords (“Neonatal Death” OR “Cause of Death” OR “Kematian Neonatal”) AND (“AMP-SR” OR “Death Notification”). Inclusion criteria comprised primary studies published in Indonesian or English between 2021 and 2025 that examined neonatal deaths using the AMP-SR approach. Seventeen articles were selected and thematically analyzed following the PRISMA guidelines. The main causes of neonatal death were clinical conditions, including asphyxia, prematurity, sepsis, hypothermia, and congenital abnormalities. Identified risk factors encompassed maternal age, pregnancy complications, referral delays, inadequate quality of care, and limited health worker competence. Most neonatal deaths occurred within the first 72 hours of life, predominantly among male infants with low birth weight or gestational age under 37 weeks. These findings demonstrate that neonatal mortality results from interconnected medical, maternal, and health system factors that can be systematically identified through AMP-SR. From a policy and practice perspective, strengthening the routine use of AMP-SR findings to inform targeted quality improvement, referral system strengthening, and workforce capacity-building is essential to reduce preventable neonatal deaths in Indonesia.
Volume: 15
Issue: 1
Page: 242-255
Publish at: 2026-03-05

The wellness equation: understanding health practices and behaviors of university students in Southern Philippines

10.11591/ijphs.v15i1.26278
Jomar B. Esto , Jemwell B. Francisco , Ruben L. Tagare Jr. , Cheeze R. Janito , Norge D. Martinez , Eduard S. Sumera , Marichu A. Calixtro , Vinus P. Java , Moreno B. Java Jr. , Gladys Pearl O. Ambrocio , Jessa S. Buisan , Gauvin Adlaon
This study aimed to explore the health practices and behaviors of university students in the Southern Philippines, focusing on key domains such as health perception and management, nutritional practices, physical activity, sleep, cognitive function, and stress tolerance. Using a quantitative, descriptive correlation design, data were gathered from 1,086 students through a simple random sampling technique. The primary instrument used was the health practices and behaviors questionnaire, which assessed students' health behaviors across the various domains. Statistical analysis involved computing composite means to describe health practices and Spearman's rho to examine the interrelationships between these behaviors. Results indicated that students exhibited moderate health practices across most domains, with a significant positive correlation found between health behaviors in areas such as physical activity, stress tolerance, and sleep. The study highlights the interconnected nature of health behaviors and the need for integrated health promotion strategies that address multiple aspects of student well-being simultaneously. The findings suggest that universities should focus on holistic programs that foster healthier lifestyles, improving students’ overall health outcomes and academic performance. Future research should explore additional factors influencing student health behaviors, including socio-economic, environmental, and cultural influences, to create more targeted interventions.
Volume: 15
Issue: 1
Page: 81-91
Publish at: 2026-03-05

Comparative assessment of knowledge, attitude, and practice toward self-medication among health and non-health students at Daffodil International University, Dhaka (2022–2023)

10.11591/ijphs.v15i1.26866
Md. Mizanur Rahman , Md. Jahir Alam , Ms Tamanna Khatun , Chaity Sutar , Shabnaz Akter , As-Ad Din Mahmood , Sher Mostafa Sadiq Khan
Self-medication, a popular self-care practice, is common throughout the world and is responsible for serious health complications. The present investigation assessed the knowledge, attitudes, and practices of self-medication among healthcare and non-healthcare students at Daffodil International University, Savar, Dhaka, Bangladesh. A cross-sectional survey of 240 students from the Pharmacy and Environmental Science Departments, ages 19 to 24, was carried out between October 2022 and January 2023. Socio-demographics, knowledge, attitudes, information sources, common medications, and diseases treated were all covered in the pre-tested questionnaire used to gather data. SPSS v16.0 with correlations and descriptive statistics was used for the analysis. Among 240 participants, 50.8% were health science students and 49.2% were non-health science students; 45.8% were male, and 54.2% were female. Most (74.2%, p < 0.01) were aged 21-22 years, mainly in the 4th year (43.3%, p < 0.001). Knowledge analysis showed 37.5% knew over-the-counter (OTC) drugs (p < 0.001) and 55% supported self-medication for minor illness. Common conditions treated were headache (49.2%), fever (23.3%), and cold (16.7%). Painkillers were the most used drugs (39.2%), with family members as the main source of advice (50%). Knowledge had a significant correlation with health science students (p < 0.001). Attitudes revealed 70% used self-medication in the last 6 months; 67.5% discouraged peers, 55.8% reused prescriptions, 73.3% read leaflets, and 61.2% consulted doctors for adverse effects. Previous experiences (74.2%) were the main reason for self-medication. Self-medication is widespread among university students. Health science students demonstrated better knowledge and awareness against self medication while contrasted to non-healthcare students. Awareness programs are needed for all groups.
Volume: 15
Issue: 1
Page: 266-273
Publish at: 2026-03-05

Association between anemia, mental health, and nutritional status among junior high school students: a cross-sectional study in Pontianak

10.11591/ijphs.v15i1.26843
Agustina Arundina Triharja Tejoyuwono , Iit Fitrianingrum , Desriani Lestari
Iron deficiency can affect emotional regulation and contribute to symptoms of anxiety, stress, and depression. Poor dietary habits combined with mental health problems may further increase the risk of anemia. This study examined the association between anemia, mental health, and nutritional status among junior high school students in Pontianak. A cross-sectional design was used from May to December 2024 involving 277 students. Data were collected using body mass index (BMI) measurements, hemoglobin screening, and the DASS-Y questionnaire, and were analyzed with Spearman’s Rho. Most respondents were female (63.9%), and 90.96% had experienced menstruation. A total of 103 students were underweight, with an average mid–upper arm circumference of 21.48 cm, indicating chronic nutritional risk. Eighty-one students (29.2%) had anemia, predominantly females. Most students had good mental health (below the 50th percentile). No significant associations were found between anemia and mental health (p = 0.623) or between anemia and nutritional status (p = 0.664). Despite the lack of significant relationships, ongoing nutrition education, regular iron supplementation, counseling support, and routine monitoring of students’ nutritional and mental health remain important to maintain and improve overall wellbeing.
Volume: 15
Issue: 1
Page: 171-178
Publish at: 2026-03-05

Acute and chronic lead exposure and intelligence quotient among Indonesian adolescents: a cross-sectional study

10.11591/ijphs.v15i1.26914
Noviana Dewi , Indah Tri Susilowati
Lead exposure is a persistent environmental health concern that can impair cognitive function in adolescents. Therefore, this study aims to examine the association between acute and chronic lead exposure and intelligence quotient (IQ) scores among Indonesian adolescents. A cross-sectional study was carried out involving 39 adolescents who were chosen through purposive sampling. Acute exposure was assessed using blood lead levels(n = 15), while chronic exposure was evaluated with hair lead levels(n = 24). IQ was measured using WAIS administered by a licensed psychologist, while associations between the variables were examined utilizing the Chi-square test. The results revealed that chronic lead exposure was significantly linked to below-average IQ (OR = 1.90; 95% CI: 1.07-3.36), while acute exposure had a weaker relationship (OR = 0.35; 95% CI: 0.13-0.89; p = 0.022). These results indicated the importance of long-term environmental exposure control.
Volume: 15
Issue: 1
Page: 208-215
Publish at: 2026-03-05

Geospatial patterns and determinants of toddler stunting: evidence from geographically weighted regression

10.11591/ijphs.v15i1.23216
Muhammad Anismuslim , Henny Pramoedyo , Sri Andarini , Sudarto Sudarto
This study aimed to map and analyze the spatial distribution of toddler stunting in Malang and identify key risk factors that are spatially correlated with stunting incidence across sub-districts and villages. A geospatial modeling approach using geographically weighted regression (GWR) was employed to account for local variations in the influence of risk factors, reflecting the heterogeneity of conditions that contribute to stunting in different areas. The analysis revealed significant spatial autocorrelation, with stunting cases clustering in specific locations. Results indicate that sanitation risks and household waste management practices were the most significant determinants of stunting prevalence among toddlers in Malang. Improper waste segregation, which leads to odors and attracts flies, and ineffective disposal methods, such as open burning or dumping, were strongly associated with higher stunting rates. These findings underscore the importance of targeted interventions addressing environmental health and sanitation at the local level. By integrating geospatial analysis with GWR modeling, this study highlights the spatial heterogeneity of stunting determinants, providing evidence to guide community-specific public health strategies. Improved sanitation practices and proper household waste management are critical to reducing toddler stunting in areas with clustered risk.
Volume: 15
Issue: 1
Page: 110-117
Publish at: 2026-03-05

Empathy and forgiveness on student victims of toxic relationships

10.11591/ijphs.v15i1.24037
Felani Omie Timpal , Arthur Huwae
A toxic relationship shows a negative impact on the physical and mental condition of individuals who have undergone the subject. Even though the students have experienced unpleasant conditions in life, to continue her life journey, the student needs to make peace and build a concept of forgiveness for the circumstances that are formed through empathy. This research aims to determine the relationship between empathy and forgiveness in students who have been victims of toxic relationships. The method used is quantitative correlational. An equal number of 355 students who had been victims of toxic relationships came to be participants in this study, with the sampling technique used, specifically, incidental sampling. This study uses a scale, namely the Interpersonal Reactivity Index (α = 0.863) and Transgression-Related Interpersonal Motivations -18 (α = 0.843). The research data analysis method uses the product-moment correlation test from Karl Pearson. The results show that there was a significant positive relationship between empathy and forgiveness (r = 0.228 and sig = 0.000 (p<0.01). Empathy contributed 5.2% to forgiveness. It appears that empathy is one of the factors associated with increased forgiveness in students who have been victims of a toxic relationship.
Volume: 15
Issue: 1
Page: 274-282
Publish at: 2026-03-05

Association between risky dietary behaviors and academic achievement among adolescent girls: a cross-sectional study in Surabaya, Indonesia

10.11591/ijphs.v15i1.26877
Tatarini Ika Pipitcahyani , Ervi Husni , Dina Isfentiani , Nina Primasari , Halimatus Sa'diyah , Mohammad Zamroni
Risky dieting is an unbalanced eating pattern increasingly practiced by adolescent girls and has the potential to impact cognitive function and academic achievement. However, previous research has focused more on the impact of risky dieting on nutritional status and physical health, while empirical evidence regarding its relationship with academic achievement in adolescent girls is still limited, particularly in the context of higher education. This study aimed to analyze the relationship between risky dieting and academic achievement in adolescent girls. The study used a quantitative design involving 70 adolescent girls. Data were collected through a peer counselor-based questionnaire to measure risky dietary habits and academic achievement. Data analysis was performed using Fisher's exact test. The results showed p-values of 0.05 and 0.023, respectively, indicating a significant relationship between risky dieting and academic achievement. Adolescent girls who engaged in risky dieting tended to have lower semester GPAs (11%) and cumulative GPAs (4%). The study concluded that risky dieting contributes to decreased academic achievement. This study contributes by expanding empirical evidence regarding the impact of risky dieting on academic achievement and emphasizes the importance of integrating nutrition interventions and health education in strategies to improve academic achievement in adolescent girls.
Volume: 15
Issue: 1
Page: 92-98
Publish at: 2026-03-05

Game on for health: designing gamified campaigns to drive behavioral change

10.11591/ijphs.v15i1.26232
Nurul Hidayah Mat Zain , Anita Mohd Yasin , Zainab Othman , Siti Nuramalina Johari , Norshahidatul Hasana Ishak , Siti Rahayu Abdul Aziz
An awareness campaign aims to reach out to the public, measure the outreach accurately, and motivate the public to act. In other words, awareness campaigns deliver messages on the importance and effects of the promoted event to the audience. However, studies that examine the users’ perception of design for behavior change through gamified health awareness campaigns are limited, especially in combating the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) outbreak. Subsequently, analysis of such perceptions is crucial in supporting game designers in developing engaging games for health awareness campaigns. Thus, the current study explores users’ perceptions based on elements in the GAMEBC Model: Autonomy, Relatedness, Competence, and Engaging. A total of 180 students from UiTM Cawangan Melaka (UiTMCM), Jasin Campus, participated in the study. The data was evaluated using conventional descriptive statistical methods. The findings revealed users’ perceptions of the design for behavior change in the context of a gamified health awareness campaign. The study offers a valuable understanding of the necessity of creating a comprehensive gamified campaign that promotes behavioral change for improved quality of life.
Volume: 15
Issue: 1
Page: 72-80
Publish at: 2026-03-05

Post-COVID-19 syndrome in children: a scoping review

10.11591/ijphs.v15i1.26788
Raphael Folorunsho Oluwasina Babatola , Evelyn Funke Folorunsho
Post-COVID-19 syndrome (PCS) and multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children (MIS-C) have emerged as significant pediatric health challenges, yet the true prevalence and long-term effects remain unclear. Children typically experience milder acute infections than adults, but a subset develop persistent physical, neurological, and psychological symptoms that impair quality of life. To synthesize current evidence on the long-term symptoms, risk factors, and outcomes of PCS and MIS-C in children and adolescents from 2021-2025. Following the PRISMA-ScR framework, 30 studies involving children aged 0-19 years were systematically reviewed across major databases. Thematic analysis identified clinical patterns, risk determinants, and mechanistic explanations. The construal level theory (CLT) was used to interpret behavioral and psychological adaptations influencing recovery. While most pediatric cases resolved fully, 15-30% of MIS-C survivors exhibited prolonged neuropsychological symptoms, fatigue, cognitive impairment, and mood disturbances lasting beyond12 weeks. Risk factors included adolescent age, severe acute illness, and preexisting conditions. Major gaps include inconsistent definitions, limited longitudinal follow-up, and the absence of standardized rehabilitation or psychosocial care protocols. Post-COVID-19 sequelae in children warrant structured follow-up programs integrating neurocognitive assessment, mental health support, and standardized care pathways to reduce long-term disability and guide policy formulation. Post-COVID-19 syndrome, MIS-C, pediatrics, long COVID, scoping review.
Volume: 15
Issue: 1
Page: 8-22
Publish at: 2026-03-05

Evaluating the performance of TAG-IT for prediabetes detection in Indonesian population

10.11591/ijphs.v15i1.26887
Yaltafit Abror Jeem , Rahma Yuantari , Hajar Admira Widiatninda , Russy Novita Andriani , Siti Solichatul Makkiyyah
Early detection of prediabetes plays a critical role in preventing type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), especially within primary care, where access to laboratory testing may be constrained. Non-laboratory-based risk assessment instruments, including the tool to assess the likelihood of fasting glucose impairment (TAG-IT), can facilitate preliminary risk screening. This study sought to determine the diagnostic accuracy of the TAG-IT questionnaire in detecting prediabetes, using the oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) as the reference standard. A cross-sectional design was implemented across three community health centers in the Special Region of Yogyakarta, Indonesia. Although 308 individuals were initially enrolled, only 93 participants with complete datasets were eligible for final analysis. The discriminative capacity of TAG-IT was evaluated through receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis along with a contingency table. Among the participants analyzed, 24.7% (23/93) were classified as having prediabetes. The TAG-IT tool exhibited modest discriminatory performance, yielding an AUC of 0.656 (95% CI 0.525-0.786; p = 0.026). Using the identified optimal threshold, sensitivity reached 52.2% while specificity was 67.1%. The negative predictive value was 81.0%, indicating better performance in excluding low-risk individuals. Overall, TAG-IT demonstrated moderate utility as a preliminary screening instrument in primary healthcare, particularly for identifying individuals unlikely to have prediabetes.
Volume: 15
Issue: 1
Page: 32-42
Publish at: 2026-03-05
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