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30,376 Article Results

Enhanced speed regulation using separate P and I gain controllers in a fuzzy-PI framework

10.11591/ijpeds.v16.i4.pp2280-2295
Minh Duc Pham , Duong Nguyen Trong Qui , Truong Phuoc Hoa
This paper explores an enhanced method for regulating the speed of brushless DC (BLDC) motors using field-oriented control. Conventionally, a proportional-integral (PI) controller is employed to adjust output speed and current FOC method. While the PI controller is effective in many scenarios, it exhibits limitations including poor performance when the speed reference changes rapidly. To address these limitations, a fuzzy-PI control scheme is proposed in this study with the aim of improving the speed control performance of BLDC motors, especially under rapidly changing speed reference. The proposed two separate fuzzy logic controllers adaptively adjust the proportional and integral gains so that it combines the robustness of fuzzy logic with the steady-state error of PI control. Simulation and experimental results demonstrate that the fuzzy-PI control significantly outperforms the conventional PI controller in terms of BLDC stability, response time, and accuracy. The proposed approach ensures more reliable and efficient speed regulation for BLDC motors, making it a reliable solution for applications where speed reference fluctuate frequently.
Volume: 16
Issue: 4
Page: 2280-2295
Publish at: 2025-12-01

Comparative analysis of various rotor types BLDC motor for residential elevator application

10.11591/ijpeds.v16.i4.pp2224-2233
Nor Aishah Md. Zuki , Raja Nor Firdaus Kashfi Raja Othman , Fairul Azhar Abdul Shukor , Kunihisa Tashiro
Brushless DC (BLDC) motors are widely used in applications where high efficiency is crucial. With advancements in permanent magnet technology, BLDC motors are increasingly suitable for high-torque applications such as residential elevators. Known for their high efficiency, low maintenance, and excellent controllability, BLDC motors are ideal candidates for this research. However, the challenge lies in identifying the most efficient rotor structure that can deliver the required torque for residential elevator applications while maintaining cost-effectiveness and compact design. This paper addresses this problem by simulating various rotor types of BLDC motors using the finite element method (FEM), Ansys Maxwell. four different rotor structures have been analyzed to evaluate their back electromotive force (EMF) and torque. The model generating the highest torque will be selected for manufacturing as a motor for residential elevators. Among the models studied, BLDC-ERA rotor structures produced the highest torque of 28 Nm, while BLDC-HR type generates the lowest torque. To ensure practicality and cost-effectiveness of installing elevators in double-story houses or smaller residences, the selected motor must be compact and affordable, enabling senior citizen to maintain their independence. This research not only aids other researchers in designing suitable motors for elevator applications but also contributes to societal well-being by promoting accessibility and independence for the elderly.
Volume: 16
Issue: 4
Page: 2224-2233
Publish at: 2025-12-01

A comprehensive review of efficient wireless power transfer for electric vehicle charging: advancements, challenges, and future directions

10.11591/ijpeds.v16.i4.pp2156-2169
Md. Ashraf Ali Khan , Kuber Kuber , Yusra Wahab , M. Saad Arif , Shahrin Md. Ayob , Norjulia Mohamad Nordin
Electric vehicles (EVs) have transformed the transportation sector, offering a sustainable alternative to fossil-fuel-powered vehicles. However, their widespread adoption faces challenges such as inadequate charging infrastructure, range anxiety, and concerns about user convenience. Wireless power transfer (WPT) technology provides an efficient, reliable, and user-friendly charging solution that eliminates physical connections, enabling both static and dynamic charging applications. This review explores key components of WPT systems, including wireless charging schemes, compensation circuits, coupling pad structures, and misalignment tolerance, emphasizing their impact on system efficiency and reliability. Findings highlight that WPT can enhance charging convenience, reduce dependence on large battery capacities, and support seamless EV integration into daily life. Additionally, WPT systems improve safety, lower maintenance needs, and create opportunities for autonomous charging. Key advancements in compensation topologies, coupling pad geometries, and misalignment-tolerant capabilities are discussed alongside their role in enhancing power transfer efficiency. By offering insights into the current state-of-the-art and future directions, this paper aims to support the development and deployment of WPT systems, contributing to the global transition toward sustainable transportation.
Volume: 16
Issue: 4
Page: 2156-2169
Publish at: 2025-12-01

Bidirectional power converter for electrical vehicle with battery charging and smart battery management system

10.11591/ijpeds.v16.i4.pp2592-2604
Bodapati Venkata Rajanna , Kondragunta Rama Krishnaiah , Ganta Raghotham Reddy , Shaik Hasane Ahammad , Mohammad Najumunnisa , Syed Inthiyaz , Gouthami Eragamreddy , Ambarapu Sudhakar , Nitalaksheswara Rao Kolukula
In electric vehicles (EVs), efficient energy management is critical for reliable power transfer between the battery and motor. This paper presents the design and implementation of a bidirectional DC-DC converter equipped with a smart battery management system (BMS). The system supports bidirectional power flow, operating in boost mode during acceleration and buck mode during regenerative braking, thereby enhancing overall energy efficiency and vehicle performance. A PIC microcontroller governs the system, performing real-time monitoring of key battery parameters such as state of charge (SOC), state of health (SOH), voltage, and temperature. Safety features include automatic cooling fan activation when the temperature exceeds 45 °C and generator startup when battery voltage falls below 23 V. Real-time data is displayed via an LCD interface to improve user interaction and system transparency. The proposed system achieved a conversion efficiency of 90-93% during experimental testing, with stable switching, reliable automation, and effective thermal protection. The embedded energy management system optimizes charging and discharging cycles while preventing overcharging, deep discharge, and thermal stress. This intelligent, automated power converter enhances battery life, improves EV reliability, and contributes to sustainable transportation by enabling features like vehicle-to-grid (V2G) energy transfer. The proposed architecture is well-suited for integration into modern EV infrastructure. Although the system architecture supports future V2G integration, V2G functionality was not implemented or tested in the present experimental setup.
Volume: 16
Issue: 4
Page: 2592-2604
Publish at: 2025-12-01

Fuzzy logic-based adaptive PLL switching strategy for voltage control in DVR assisted grid tied PV systems

10.11591/ijpeds.v16.i4.pp2353-2368
R. Srilakshmi , V. Chayapathy
This study aims to enhance power quality in grid-connected photovoltaic (PV) systems by introducing an intelligent fuzzy logic-based adaptive control strategy for dynamic PLL switching in a DVR-supported configuration. A 100-kW grid-tied PV system is modeled with a digital phase-locked loop (DPLL), a conventional synchronous reference frame PLL (CTPLL), and a dynamic voltage restorer (DVR). A Mamdani-type fuzzy inference system (FIS) performs real-time PLL selection based on phase-wise real-time fault monitoring. The system was tested under symmetrical and asymmetrical 20% sag and swell conditions, evaluating voltage stability at both PCC and load, total harmonic distortion (THD), recovery time, and synchronization accuracy. Results show that the proposed method reduces unnecessary DVR voltage injection from ~50 V to ~5-6 V under healthy conditions, maintains a near-unity power factor (< 0.95), and achieves up to 15% THD reduction in inverter current and PCC currents compared to DPLL-only operation. Recovery times improved by up to 25%, with stable synchronization maintained in all fault cases. The integration of adaptive PLL switching and targeted DVR activation offers a novel, hardware-efficient approach to harmonic suppression, voltage stabilization, and fault resilience in medium-scale PV systems.
Volume: 16
Issue: 4
Page: 2353-2368
Publish at: 2025-12-01

Step size variability with high performance solar-wind grid integration using MPPT algorithm

10.11591/ijpeds.v16.i4.pp2655-2664
Lakshmi Dhandapani , Pushpa Sreenivasan , Malathy Batumalay
This paper proposes a high-efficiency maximum power point tracking (MPPT) algorithm based on a variable step size control technique for standalone hybrid solar-wind energy systems. Unlike conventional approaches that utilize separate MPPT controllers for photovoltaic (PV) and wind systems, the proposed method integrates a single adaptive control strategy that simultaneously optimizes power extraction from both renewable sources. The algorithm dynamically adjusts the step size according to environmental variations, improving convergence speed and tracking accuracy. The system is modeled in MATLAB/Simulink, incorporating a 500 W solar PV system and a 560 W wind turbine, both interfaced through traditional boost converters. To validate the performance, simulations are conducted under varying solar irradiance levels (600 W/m², 800 W/m², and 1000 W/m²) and wind speeds (8 m/s, 10 m/s, and 12 m/s). Results indicate that the PV output power increases from 288.8 W to 513 W with rising irradiance, while the wind output improves from 301.4 W to 439.3 W with increasing wind speed. The combined hybrid system achieves total output powers of 557.35 W, 691.74 W, and 807.12 W across three operating intervals. These findings confirm that the proposed variable step size MPPT algorithm significantly enhances energy harvesting efficiency and system performance under dynamic environmental conditions.
Volume: 16
Issue: 4
Page: 2655-2664
Publish at: 2025-12-01

Combination circuit of multilevel inverter, matrix converter, and H-bridge

10.11591/ijpeds.v16.i4.pp2476-2490
Akram Mohammed Al-Mahrouk , Nashiren Farzilah Mailah , Mohd Amran Mohd Radzi , Mohd Khair Hassan
In this study, a new integrated circuit design called H-bridge multilevel inverter matrix converter (HMIMC), which combines a multilevel inverter (MI), a matrix converter (MC), and an H-bridge circuit, is developed. It aims to generate a high number of output voltage levels that reduce the component count (CC). The MI step is used to control the positive voltage source, where the output of MI is connected to the input of MC. The MC is used to share the positive input voltage due to output phases, depending on the requirements. Afterward, the H-bridge circuit is used in each phase to select the positive or negative output voltage. The main contribution of this design is that the MI does not need to be repeated thrice to produce a three-phase output voltage. A seven-level (7L) and thirteen-level (13L) of proposed circuit is presented, followed by a new algorithm operation that is used for suitable switching control. Afterward, MATLAB simulation is used to check the operation process, output signals of voltage and current, and total harmonic distortion (THD) results. Then hardware circuit of the proposed system is implemented to verify the design. Lastly, a brief comparison in terms of CC is conducted.
Volume: 16
Issue: 4
Page: 2476-2490
Publish at: 2025-12-01

Interleaved buck converter using a floating dual series-capacitor topology

10.11591/ijpeds.v16.i4.pp2538-2548
Chan Viet Nguyen , Dang Tai Nguyen , Thanh Phuong Ho
Interleaved buck converters (IBC) are widely utilized in step-down voltage applications due to their excellent performance and straightforward design. However, conventional IBCs require individual current sensors and feedback control circuits to maintain phase current balance, resulting in increased cost and design complexity. In this paper, a novel floating dual series capacitor (FDSC) converter based on an interleaved floating structure is proposed. The most distinctive aspect of this proposed converter is its ability to naturally balance the four inductor currents without the need for any current sensors or feedback control. Furthermore, the proposed converter also exhibits lower voltage stress on switching devices and inductors, contributing to improved efficiency and a reduction in overall magnetic volume. To validate the performance characteristics of the proposed converter, a 1.3 kW prototype of the FDSC topology was developed and tested to indicate the analytical results and demonstrate stable current balance even under different operating conditions. The experimental validation highlights the topology’s suitability for high step-down, compact, and efficient applications such as EV auxiliary power supply and voltage regulator modules.
Volume: 16
Issue: 4
Page: 2538-2548
Publish at: 2025-12-01

Optimization of solar panel orientation and tracking systems for standalone PV applications

10.11591/ijpeds.v16.i4.pp2721-2730
Singgih Dwi Prasetyo , Yuki Trisnoaji , Misbahul Munir , Meirna Puspita Permatasari , Abram Anggit Mahadi , Marsya Aulia Rizkita , Zainal Arifin
The performance of photovoltaic (PV) systems is greatly influenced by the angle of arrival of sunlight and the geometric orientation of solar panels, especially in tropical regions with the potential for solar energy throughout the year. This study aims to evaluate the effect of tilt angle variation and tracking systems on energy output and performance indicators of standalone PV systems using PVsyst software. The simulation was conducted at the State University of Malang, Indonesia, by comparing four fixed-angle configurations (20°, 40°, 60°, and 80°) as well as a two-axis tracking system. The simulation results showed that the two-axis tracking system produced the highest normalized daily energy production of 6.8 kWh/kWp/day, with a performance ratio (PR) of 77.2% and a solar fraction (SF) of 97.1%, while a fixed configuration with an angle of 80° showed the lowest performance. These findings confirm the importance of selecting optimal panel orientation to maximize the efficiency of PV systems, as well as being the basis for the development of advanced research, such as field-based experiments, integration of adaptive MPPT algorithms, and economic feasibility studies in the application of PV systems in tropical and off-grid regions.
Volume: 16
Issue: 4
Page: 2721-2730
Publish at: 2025-12-01

Numerical and experimental state of identification battery pack lithium-ion

10.11591/ijpeds.v16.i4.pp2623-2633
Dewi Anggraeni , Budi Sudiarto , Eriko Nasemudin Nasser , Wahyudi Hasbi , Yus Natali , Purnomo Sidi Priambodo
Two key indicators of a battery management system (BMS) are the state of charge (SoC) and the state of health (SoH). Accurately estimating SoC is important to prevent potential issues. Additionally, space, computing time, and cost are important factors in hardware development. To address these considerations, the first-order extended Kalman filter (EKF) and adaptive extended Kalman filter (AEKF) models were selected due to their simpler data pre-processing and better accuracy. The study recommends using the first-order equivalent circuit model (ECM) method in conjunction with the EKF and AEKF algorithms due to their straightforward setup and efficient computational process. Analysis of the charge-discharge cycles shows that the AEKF method consistently outperformed the EKF method regarding SoC accuracy. Moreover, when given different initial SoC values, the AEKF method displayed superior SoC estimation accuracy compared to the EKF method. Moreover, while the accuracy of the EKF is diminished, the error value remains below 2.5% for up to 500 cycles. Additionally, the shorter computing time of the EKF method is a consideration for practical real-world implementation. Furthermore, experiments conducted over 500 cycles revealed that SoH estimation declined from 99.97% to 76.1947%, suggesting that the battery has reached the end of life (EOL) stage.
Volume: 16
Issue: 4
Page: 2623-2633
Publish at: 2025-12-01

Nonlinear excitation control of multimachine systems via the invariant-set design

10.11591/ijpeds.v16.i4.pp2332-2341
Hisham M. Soliman , Ehab H. E. Bayoumi , Farag Ali El-Sheikhi , Fawzan Salem
Power grids are inherently vulnerable to many uncertainties. All power networks are prone to instability because of the uncertainties inherent in the operation of power systems. Rotor-angle instability is a challenging issue, and if not properly managed, could give rise to cascading failures and even blackouts. This paper addresses the generator excitation system’s state feedback sliding mode control (SMC). The global system is divided into multiple subsystems to achieve decentralized control. A disturbance is defined as the influence of the system as a whole on a specific subsystem. The state-feedback controller is to be designed taking into account the disturbance attenuation level, ensuring the closed-loop system's asymptotic stability. The SMC designing algorithm is described; it is based on precisely determining the sliding surface utilizing the invariant-set (ellipsoid) technique. The control structure ensures that mismatched disturbances in power systems have little impact on the system trajectory in the sliding mode. Moreover, the proposed controllers are represented in this paper using linear matrix inequalities (LMIs) and the Lyapunov theory approach. Finally, a multi-machine model is implemented to demonstrate the success of the suggested approach, and a comparison between the proposed SMC and the conventional one demonstrates its superiority.
Volume: 16
Issue: 4
Page: 2332-2341
Publish at: 2025-12-01

Lithium-ion battery charge-discharge cycle forecasting using LSTM neural networks

10.11591/ijpeds.v16.i4.pp2831-2840
Vimala Channapatana Srikantappa , Seshachalam Devarakonda
An important component for the dependable and safe utilization of lithium-ion batteries is the ability to accurately and efficiently predict their remaining useful life (RUL). In this research, a long short-term memory recurrent neural network (LSTM RNN) model is trained to learn from sequential data on discharge capacities across different cycles and voltages. The model is also designed to function as a cycle life predictor for battery cells that have been cycled under varying conditions. By leveraging experimental data from the NASA battery dataset, the model achieves a promising level of prediction accuracy on test sets consisting of approximately 200 samples.
Volume: 16
Issue: 4
Page: 2831-2840
Publish at: 2025-12-01

Robust sliding mode control of a DFIG based on the SVM strategy

10.11591/ijpeds.v16.i4.pp2711-2720
Ibrahim Yaichi , Kouddad Elhachemi , Aoumri Mohamed
This paper presents a direct power control (DPC) method for a doubly-fed induction generator (DFIG) used in variable-speed wind power systems, combining sliding mode control (SMC) with space vector modulation (SVM). The proposed SMC-based DPC with SVM (SMC-DPC_SVM) achieves decoupled power control through flux orientation, enhancing performance through the robustness of SMC and the precision of SVM. Simulation results demonstrate the effectiveness of this control strategy. The conventional direct power control (C-DPC) approach delivers fast and robust power response, and a comparative analysis between C-DPC and the proposed SMC-DPC_SVM strategy highlights the advantages of the latter. Robustness was evaluated under varying machine parameters, confirming system stability. The proposed control method was implemented and validated using MATLAB/Simulink, achieving a total harmonic distortion (THD) of less than 5%, indicating high-quality power delivery to the electrical grid.
Volume: 16
Issue: 4
Page: 2711-2720
Publish at: 2025-12-01

Adaptive intelligent PSO-Based MPPT technique for PV systems under dynamic irradiance and partial shading conditions

10.11591/ijpeds.v16.i4.pp2841-2859
Muhammad Gul E. Islam , Mohammad Faridun Naim Tajuddin , Azralmukmin Azmi , Rini Nur Hasanah , Shahrin Md. Ayob , Tole Sutikno
This research introduces an adaptive improved particle swarm optimization (AIPSO) approach for maximum power point tracking (MPPT) approach designed to enhance energy harvesting from photovoltaic (PV) systems under dynamic irradiance conditions. The proposed AIPSO algorithm addresses the challenges associated with traditional MPPT methods, particularly in scenarios characterized by fluctuating solar irradiance, such as step changes and partial shading. By incorporating a robust reinitialization strategy along with updated velocity and position equations, the algorithm demonstrates superior performance in terms of convergence accuracy, tracking speed, and tracking efficiency. This modification enables the algorithm to effectively escape local maxima and explore a wider search space, leading to improved convergence and optimal power point tracking. Furthermore, the adaptive nature of the PSO enhances the algorithm’s ability to respond to real-time changes in environmental conditions, making it particularly suitable for large- scale PV systems subjected to varying atmospheric factors. Here, “adaptive” denotes coefficient scheduling (C3) and a re-initialization trigger that responds to irradiance regime changes; “intelligent” denotes robust regime shift detection and safe duty ratio clamping. Across uniform, step change, and partial shading conditions, the proposed AIPSO achieves fast reconvergence and high tracking efficiency with negligible steady state oscillations, as summarized in the results. Building on this contribution, future research will focus on evaluating its scalability across different PV architectures and large-scale grid integration with real hardware setup.
Volume: 16
Issue: 4
Page: 2841-2859
Publish at: 2025-12-01

Advanced control architectures for enhanced simulation and operational analysis of solar PV-driven vehicle systems

10.11591/ijpeds.v16.i4.pp2615-2622
Raghupathi Mani , Susitra Dhanraj , Karthikeyan Nagarajan
Interplanetary interest in solar PV systems in automobiles has grown as renewable energy, especially in transportation subsystems, is used more widely. Emphasizing innovative control strategies to increase power conversion efficiency, reliability, and flexibility, this paper identifies and assesses solar photovoltaic integrated vehicle drive systems. In Simulink, several researchers replicate power systems, solar PV systems, vehicle propulsion systems, and power conversion technologies. To imitate real-world settings, researchers evaluate the efficiency of the device at many solar light and load values. High-level control techniques suitable in such unpredictable conditions are MPPT and dynamic load control. These controls are definitely required to ensure the correct functioning of the plant system, independent of natural variables, like irradiation and temperature. After that, the performance of the suggested control strategies is investigated under the main success criteria: energy analysis, system efficiency, and operational stability. This implies that solar PV integrated systems for automobiles could gain from ideal performance and durability, hence improving the off-grid operation of cars. These findings offered latent promise for use in the developing transportation sector and advancement of solar PV technology.
Volume: 16
Issue: 4
Page: 2615-2622
Publish at: 2025-12-01
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