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30,033 Article Results

Agraph neural network framework for vascular streak dieback recognition

10.11591/ijeecs.v42.i1.pp194-204
Slamin Slamin , Rizky Alfanio Atmoko , Antonius Cahya Prihandoko , Muhammad Ariful Furqon , Qurrota A’yuni Ar Ruhimat , Annisa Fitri Maghiroh Harvyanti , Bayu Taruna Widjaja Putra , Roslan Hasni
Vascular streak dieback (VSD) is one of the most destructive diseases affecting cocoa production in Southeast Asia, including Indonesia, where early visual symptoms are often subtle and spatially distributed across the leaf sur face. Conventional image-based disease recognition approaches, particularly those relying solely on convolutional neural networks (CNNs), are effective in extracting local visual features but remain limited in modeling long-range structural relationships such as venation disruption and lesion spread. To ad dress this limitation, this study investigates a hybrid CNN-graph neural network (CNN-GNN) framework for automated VSD recognition from cocoa leaf im ages. A primary dataset consisting of 1,000 RGB images collected directly from cocoa plantations in Jember Regency was used to reflect realistic field condi tions. In the proposed approach, CNNs are employedfor local feature extraction, while graph-based representations enable GNNs to capture global relational pat terns through message passing. Experimental results demonstrate stable learning behavior and strong classification performance, achieving a maximum validation accuracy of 95.2% and an area under the curve (AUC) of approximately 0.94. Further analysis shows balanced precision and recall across classes, indicating reliable discrimination between Sehat and VSD-infected leaves. These findings suggest that hybrid CNN-GNN modeling provides an effective strategy for cap turing both local and distributed structural characteristics of VSD symptoms and highlights the potential of graph-based reasoning to complement convolutional feature learning in plant disease diagnostics.
Volume: 42
Issue: 1
Page: 194-204
Publish at: 2026-04-01

Fuzzy logic–enhanced LEACH protocol for scalable wireless sensor networks

10.11591/ijeecs.v42.i1.pp225-236
Hayet Termeche , Taous Lechani , Fayçal Rahmoune
This study aims to enhance the LEACH protocol by mitigating its intrinsic stochasticity through the use of fuzzy c-means (FCM) clustering. This approach enables the design of WSN protocols with improved energy efficiency, stability, and scalability. To this end, two fuzzy logic–based protocols are proposed: CFFC-LEACH for small-scale deployments and VGFC-LEACH for large-scale environments. CFFC-LEACH employs artificial intelligence to generate optimal clusters by determining the appropriate number of clusters and efficiently partitioning the sensing area. VGFC-LEACH addresses wide-area monitoring challenges by dividing the network field into virtual zones of 100 x 100 m² to reduce communication distances. Within each zone, a leader is selected in every round based on residual energy and distance to the base station (BS). Clustering is performed using FCM, while cluster heads (CH) are selected through an objective function. Compared to LEACH and EDK-LEACH, network lifetime (NL) is extended by 61.26% and 46.59% with CFFC-LEACH, and by 245.81% and 657.44% with VGFC-LEACH, respectively. Which demonstrate that the proposed protocols significantly outperform LEACH and EDK-LEACH.
Volume: 42
Issue: 1
Page: 225-236
Publish at: 2026-04-01

Perceived enjoyment and peer influence on adoption of virtual reality in higher education

10.11591/ijeecs.v42.i1.pp263-271
Xiaojing Jiang , Md Gapar Md Johar , Jacquline Tham
Virtual reality (VR) exhibits substantial educational potential, but its adoption rate among Chinese students in higher education institutions remains low, with a lack of empirical research on influencing mechanisms, especially in regions like Nantong. This study constructed a model based on the unified technology acceptance and use theory 2 (UTAUT2), and collected 402 sample data from students of Nantong higher education institutions. An empirical study was conducted using the structural equation model (SEM). The results showed that perceived enjoyment (intrinsic motivation) and peer influence (extrinsic motivation) were positively correlated with the willingness to use VR and the adoption of VR. The willingness to use played a partial mediating role. This study innovatively proposed the synergistic driving effect of intrinsic motivation and extrinsic motivation in the context of higher education in China, and provided practical guidance for the promotion of VR in higher education.
Volume: 42
Issue: 1
Page: 263-271
Publish at: 2026-04-01

Enhanced long-term recurrent convolutional network for video classification

10.11591/ijeecs.v42.i1.pp174-182
Manal Benzyane , Mourade Azrour , Said Agoujil
Video classification is essential in computer vision, enabling automated understanding of dynamic content in applications such as surveillance, autonomous systems, and content recommendation. Traditional long-term recurrent convolutional network (LRCN) models, however, often struggle to capture complex spatio-temporal patterns, limiting classification performance across diverse video datasets. To address this limitation, we propose an enhanced LRCN with architectural refinements, optimized filter sizes, and hyperparameter tuning, improving both temporal modeling and spatial feature extraction. Experimental results on three benchmark datasets DynTex, UCF11, and UCF50 demonstrate that the proposed model achieves accuracies of 0.90 on DynTex (+26.8% over standard LRCN), 0.92 on UCF11 (+19.5%), and 0.94 on UCF50 (+1.1%), consistently outperforming ConvLSTM, LRCN, and other state-of-the-art approaches. These findings indicate that the enhanced LRCN effectively captures spatial and temporal dynamics in video sequences, setting a new benchmark for video classification. The study highlights the impact of architectural innovation and parameter optimization, providing a solid foundation for future research on scalable and efficient deep learning models for dynamic content analysis.
Volume: 42
Issue: 1
Page: 174-182
Publish at: 2026-04-01

Towards greener telecom: energy-efficient hybrid solar–grid systems for remote base station operations

10.11591/ijeecs.v42.i1.pp93-104
Hasanah Putri , Rendy Munadi , Sofia Naning Hertiana , Alfin Hikmaturokhman
Efficient and environmentally friendly energy use for base transceiver stations (BTS) in remote areas is essential for telecommunication network development. This study simulates and compares two BTS configurations: a conventional grid-powered system and a hybrid solar-grid system, focusing on energy efficiency, operational cost, and carbon emissions. The simulation was conducted over a one-year operational period using Python-based modeling with realistic input parameters. The results indicate that the hybrid system can supply approximately 74% of the annual energy demand using solar power, achieving 24.4% operational cost savings and reducing carbon emissions by 73% compared to the grid-only system. These findings confirm that the hybrid BTS system is a feasible and sustainable solution to support telecommunication expansion in remote areas with lower cost and environmental impact.
Volume: 42
Issue: 1
Page: 93-104
Publish at: 2026-04-01

Enhancing AODV protocol for black hole attack detection and mitigation in VANETs: a lightweight dual-confirmation approach

10.11591/ijeecs.v42.i1.pp252-262
Ahmed Abderraouf , Ramdane Taglout , Sofiane Boukli-Hacene
Vehicular ad hoc networks (VANETs) represent a specialized category of Mobile ad hoc networks that are specifically designed to enable communication among autonomous (self-driving or partially self-driving) vehicles. These vehicles are equipped with onboard computers, network interfaces, and sophisticated sensors for data capture and processing. Within a VANET, vehicles have the ability to communicate with each other as well as with surrounding infrastructure, thereby exchanging critical messages aimed at enhancing road safety, reducing traffic congestion, and enabling new services and applications for drivers and passengers. Due to its unique characteristics, VANETs have succeeded in enhancing transportation efficiency and safety. However, VANETs are vulnerable to black hole attacks, where malicious nodes discard packets, compromising safety. Existing solutions suffer from high overhead or infrastructure dependence. We propose a lightweight enhancement to AODV using dual-confirmation (RepAck/Info packets) to detect and isolate attackers in real time. Simulations show a 98% improvement in packet delivery ratio under attack, with minimal protocol modifications. While routing overhead increases by 25%, this trade-off ensures reliable communication in dynamic VANETs.
Volume: 42
Issue: 1
Page: 252-262
Publish at: 2026-04-01

ViHateT5 with LoRA: efficient vietnamese toxic news classification on social media

10.11591/ijeecs.v42.i1.pp123-130
Tran Duc Duong , Hai Hoan Do
We propose an efficient transformer-based approach to detect toxic or misleading news in Vietnamese social media. Motivated by the societal harm of viral misinformation in Vietnam, we fine-tune a Vietnamese T5 model (ViHateT5) on a new dataset of 2,962 social-media news snippets labeled as toxic vs. non-toxic. We use low-rank adaptation (LoRA) to inject trainable layers into ViHateT5, allowing high accuracy with minimal additional parameters. Our model achieves 97.5% macro-F1 on a held-out test set, significantly higher than a PhoBERT baseline by 2.7 points. By focusing on Vietnamese data and a parameter-efficient method, we demonstrate a practical pipeline for low-resource fake-news detection. These results suggest that transformer pretraining on social-media text can effectively capture the subtle cues of deceptive or defamatory news. Limitations: the current model is trained on a specific labeled dataset and may not generalize to all domains; future work should evaluate its fairness and biases in deployment.
Volume: 42
Issue: 1
Page: 123-130
Publish at: 2026-04-01

Trophallactic optimization algorithm with markov random field refinement for stroke lesion segmentation

10.11591/ijeecs.v42.i1.pp131-141
Hayet Berkok , Karima Kies , Nacera Benamrane
Cerebrovascular accidents (strokes) represent a critical medical emergency re quiring rapid and accurate diagnosis. Automated segmentation of stroke lesions from computed tomography (CT) images remains challenging due to low con trast, image noise, and high anatomical variability between ischemic and hem orrhagic subtypes. This paper introduces a novel hybrid approach combining the trophallactic optimization algorithm (TOA), inspired by cooperative nectar exchange in bee colonies, with markov random fields (MRF) for spatial coher ence modeling. The proposed TOA-MRF method operates semi-automatically from a single user-defined seed point, leveraging bio-inspired collective intel ligence to progressively explore and refine regions of interest. The algorithm simulates the enzymatic transformation of nectar into honey through iterative information exchange between virtual bees, followed by MRF-based regulariza tion to ensure anatomical consistency. Evaluated on a clinical CT dataset, the method achieves a Dice similarity coefficient of 87.3% for ischemic strokes and 91.2% for hemorrhagic strokes, with an overall detection accuracy exceeding 89%. Comparative analysis demonstrates the complemen tary strengths of TOA exploration and MRF refinement, offering a robust and efficient solution for clinical stroke assessment with minimal user intervention.
Volume: 42
Issue: 1
Page: 131-141
Publish at: 2026-04-01

A sub-threshold CMOS temperature sensor circuit core with 2.41 mV/°C sensitivity for ultra-low-power applications (-100°C to 100°C)

10.11591/ijeecs.v42.i1.pp40-47
Abdelhakim Megueddem , Khaled Bekhouche
This paper presents a sub-threshold complementary metal-oxide semiconductor (CMOS) temperature sensor core for ultra-low-power applications, with the key advantage of reliable operation over an exceptionally wide temperature range from –100 °C to 100 °C, which is rarely reported in existing CMOS-based designs. The proposed architecture operates entirely in the sub-threshold region and is evaluated using circuit level simulations, with validation through comparison to a previously reported temperature sensor. Simulation results show excellent linearity across the full temperature range, achieving a coefficient of determination of R² = 0.99997 and a sensitivity of approximately 2.41 mV/°C. At a supply voltage of 1.4 V and 25°C, the sensor core consumes only 22 nW, highlighting its suitability for energy-constrained applications. These results demonstrate the potential of sub-threshold CMOS temperature sensing for wide-range, ultra-low-power sensing systems.
Volume: 42
Issue: 1
Page: 40-47
Publish at: 2026-04-01

Towards decision-making and task planning modules for autonomous mini-UAV mission planning in civil applications

10.11591/ijeecs.v42.i1.pp48-61
Asmaa Idalene , Sophia Faris , Hicham Medromi , Khalifa Mansouri
Autonomous mini unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) for civilian applications face a critical challenge: during flight, their mission planning cannot break down complex goals into real-time actions. It’s like having a brilliant strategy with no way to execute it in the moment conditions change. While current solutions can handle basic navigation, they often fail when conditions change. This lack of adaptability seriously limits autonomy in real-world applications, like infras tructure inspection or emergency response. The core problem? Nobody has yet built a system that can think in both layers, combining hierarchical goal decom positions with dynamic tasks without overloading the onboard computer. Our work addresses this gap by introducing an integrated mission planning system with two complementary modules. First: the decision-making module employs recursive goal tree construction to transform high-level mission goals into hier archical sub-goal structures in a systematic manner. Second: the task planning module converts these structured goals into concrete MAVLink command se quences. Together, these modules bridge the gap between abstract mission spec ifications and low-level flight operations while enabling dynamic replanning. To verify if our system actually works, we validated the framework through simulation-based experiments using a Python UAV mission simulator across 50 test runs. The results showed a 94% mission completion rate, with an average planning time of 1.8 seconds for missions with 5 to 8 waypoints. It adapted well to surprises: new targets (100% success), no-fly zones (92% success), and priority changes (96% success). Compared to traditional reactive baseline ap proaches, the framework reduced replanning time by 67%. This tells us that the modular approach is not just theoretically sound but it’s also practically viable for real-world civilian operations.
Volume: 42
Issue: 1
Page: 48-61
Publish at: 2026-04-01

Smartphone data privacy and security awareness among university students in Malaysia

10.11591/ijece.v16i2.pp850-862
Ahmed Al-Rassas , Zaheera Zainal Abidin
This study examines the level of data privacy and security awareness (DPSA) among Malaysian university students who depend on smartphones for academic activities. An enhanced cybersecurity education (CE) technological proficiency–perceived control (CTP) model is proposed, incorporating technological innovation and cultural norms (TICN) as a mediating factor between technological proficiency (TP) and awareness. A total of 356 students from public and private institutions in Melaka participated. The Krejcie and Morgan table was used to determine the sample size. Descriptive analysis was conducted using IBM SPSS 27, and SmartPLS-SEM was used to evaluate both measurement and structural models. Reliability and validity were confirmed through a pilot study with 50 respondents. Findings show that TICN significantly strengthens the translation of technical skills into protective behavior, outperforming the original model that used frequency of smartphone usage (FSU) as a mediator. The enhanced model provides a deeper understanding of the socio-technical determinants of smartphone privacy awareness. Implications, limitations, and directions for future research are also discussed.
Volume: 16
Issue: 2
Page: 850-862
Publish at: 2026-04-01

Wearable and implantable antennas for healthcare applications: advancements, challenges, and future directions

10.11591/ijece.v16i2.pp827-841
Sameera P. , Priyadarshini K. Desai , Keerthi Kulkarni
The rise of personalized and remote healthcare solutions has accelerated the demand for reliable wireless communication systems integrated into medical devices. Among these, wearable and implantable antennas play a crucial role by enabling the seamless exchange of data between in-body or on-body sensors and external monitoring equipment. These antennas are key components in systems designed for continuous health monitoring, early diagnosis, and patient rehabilitation. Unlike conventional antennas, those used in medical applications must function efficiently in close contact with or inside the human body, often under challenging conditions such as body movement, varying tissue properties, and limited space. As a result, the design and development of these antennas require careful consideration of factors like flexibility, biocompatibility, low power operation, and electromagnetic safety. This study reviews recent publications from 2017 onwards on wearable and implantable antennas. The material type, operating frequency band, and operational environment are considered for the design of the wearable and implantable antenna. To minimize loss, the research employed a high-thickness substrate, gold, and graphene material for the radiating patch in most of the design. This review presents a detailed overview of recent advancements in wearable and implantable antennas tailored for healthcare applications, highlights current design challenges, and outlines future research opportunities in this rapidly evolving field.
Volume: 16
Issue: 2
Page: 827-841
Publish at: 2026-04-01

Comparison of adaptive tuning fuzzy PID and Ziegler-Nichols PID for photovoltaic cooling system

10.11591/ijece.v16i2.pp1063-1074
Yusnan Badruzzaman , Aggie Brenda Vernandez , Septiantar Tebe Nursaputro , Pangestuningtyas Diah Larasati
Renewable energy, particularly solar power, is widely recognized as a clean and sustainable resource, with rooftop photovoltaic (PV) systems playing a vital role in electricity generation. However, high temperatures can significantly reduce their efficiency, making effective cooling systems essential. This study proposes a proportional-integral-derivative (PID) based cooling control system for rooftop PV panels, integrating an adaptive Mamdani fuzzy logic controller to optimize PID parameters dynamically. The methodology includes system modeling, hardware and software implementation, and comparative testing between the Mamdani fuzzy-PID controller and the Ziegler-Nichols PID method. Experimental results show that both controllers effectively regulate PV panel temperature at 36 °C. The Ziegler-Nichols PID achieves faster settling time of 6.45 minutes with a steady-state error of 1.345%, whereas the Mamdani fuzzy-PID reduces the steady-state error to 0.93% but with a longer settling time of 9.15 minutes. These results indicate that the fuzzy-PID controller offers better accuracy and system stability, making it a promising solution for maintaining PV performance under varying environmental conditions. The key novelty of this study lies in its adaptive approach, where the Mamdany fuzzy-PID controller continuously adjust control parameters (Kp,Ki,Kd) in real time, resulting in more consistent and precise temperature regulation than conventional PID tuning methods.
Volume: 16
Issue: 2
Page: 1063-1074
Publish at: 2026-04-01

Energy management in smart grids using internet of things and price-based demand response with a hybrid EVO-PDACNN approach

10.11591/ijece.v16i2.pp699-716
Manju Jayakumar Raghvin , Manjula R. Bharamagoudra , Ritesh Dash
Network control systems for energy distribution play an essential role when renewable energy sources (RES) expand and the smart grid (SG) infrastructure increases. A new approach to energy management (EM) in SGs combines energy valley optimizer (EVO) with pyramidal dilation attention convolutional neural network (PDACNN) to achieve its objectives. Through EVO-PDACNN, the system performs accurate energy consumption forecasting with PDACNN, while the EVO algorithm supports systematic scheduling capabilities. Due to its use, this method reduces the peak-to-average ratio (PAR) by 22% also the cost of electricity (COE) by 12%. This method performs better than the wind-driven bacterial forging algorithm (WBFA), genetic algorithm (GA), particle swarm optimization (PSO), modified elephant herd optimization algorithm (MEHOA), and ant colony optimization (ACO) because it has a new prediction ability and quick response. EVO-PDACNN establishes better performance through lower root mean square error (RMSE), together with mean squared error (MSE) and mean absolute error (MAE), which indicates enhanced cost efficiency and resource management capabilities for SGs. The method strengthens both energy forecasting and operational scheduling operations while effectively dealing with changes in supply and demand, which helps build resilient power systems.
Volume: 16
Issue: 2
Page: 699-716
Publish at: 2026-04-01

Development of BAPOLAIC: AI chatbot for optical character recognition based-document extraction and voice assistant

10.11591/ijece.v16i2.pp1002-1009
Rival Fahreji , Ryan Satria Wijaya
Conventional chatbots often lack integrated functionalities for complex academic tasks, such as multi-format document handling and multimodal interaction. This paper presents the design, implementation, and performance evaluation of BAPOLAIC, a web-based, multimodal AI assistant developed to address this gap. The system architecture integrates optical character recognition (OCR), a dual-strategy natural language processing (NLP) module, and voice assistance, all orchestrated by the Gemini API. Quantitative evaluation confirmed high performance: the OCR module achieved a 98.69% average accuracy, and the retrieval-based NLP path correctly handled 90% of test queries. Furthermore, the API integration demonstrated exceptional efficiency with a median latency as low as 0.06 ms. Task-based evaluations validated BAPOLAIC's effectiveness in performing intelligent functions like summarization and content-based Q&A, with a superior capacity for handling up to 10 consecutive documents. The results validate BAPOLAIC as a successful proof-of-concept for a specialized academic tool, providing a framework for integrating multiple AI technologies to enhance educational productivity.
Volume: 16
Issue: 2
Page: 1002-1009
Publish at: 2026-04-01
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