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31,291 Article Results

Deep learning-based intelligent islanding detection for grid-connected photovoltaic systems using convolutional neural networks

10.11591/ijpeds.v17.i3.pp1755-1767
Dondapati Ravi Kishore , T. Vijay Muni , K. Venkata Kishore , V. Suresh , S. Saahithi , Thandava Krishna Sai Pandraju , S. N. Chaitra , B. Logeshwary
The increasing integration of photovoltaic (PV) systems into smart grids requires fast and reliable islanding detection to maintain grid stability and operational safety. Conventional detection methods often face challenges such as delayed response, reduced accuracy, and large non-detection zones under varying operating conditions. This paper proposes an intelligent islanding detection method for grid-connected PV systems using advanced artificial intelligence and deep learning techniques. Electrical parameters including voltage, current, frequency, and power signals are analyzed using signal processing methods and classified through a convolutional neural network (CNN) model developed in MATLAB/Simulink. Simulation results demonstrate that the proposed AI-based approach achieves rapid and accurate detection of islanding events with improved sensitivity and reduced false detections compared to conventional techniques. The proposed framework enhances the reliability, safety, and protection performance of modern photovoltaic power systems integrated with smart grids.
Volume: 17
Issue: 3
Page: 1755-1767
Publish at: 2026-09-01

FEA-based optimization of switches for reluctance motors

10.11591/ijpeds.v17.i3.pp1675-1687
Hiba Esam Aziz , Abdullah K. Shanshal , Imad Idan Abed Al-Khalaf , Tamer Kamel
Switched reluctance motors (SRMs) are considered one of the important machines used in industry sectors due to their simple structure, robustness, and high-speed capability. However, the performance is often limited by high torque ripple and acoustic noise due to the uneven magnetic flux distribution. This paper presents an optimization study for improving flux distribution by shape design modifications of the stator and rotor geometry using finite element analysis (FEA) combined with the whale optimization algorithm (WOA). More specifically, FEA is utilized to calculate the magnetic field behavior, torque characteristics, and core losses for different structural geometries of the proposed design, while WOA systematically searches for the optimum values of shape parameters. Thus, the simulation results show that the proposed approach significantly improves the uniformity of flux distribution, hence reducing torque ripple and improving the efficiency. The integration of FEA with the WOA provides a practical and effective way to achieve better SRM performance without further complication of control algorithms.
Volume: 17
Issue: 3
Page: 1675-1687
Publish at: 2026-09-01

Short-circuit analysis and protection coordination of a 33 kV phosphate plant distribution network

10.11591/ijpeds.v17.i3.pp1768-1779
Cheikhani Abdel Kader , Bamba El Heiba , Mohamed El Mamy Mohamed Mahmoud , Beibah Gleigume , Abdel Kader Mahmoud
This study presents a short-circuit and protection coordination analysis of a 33 kV/0.4 kV industrial distribution network supplying a phosphate processing plant in Mauritania. Using ETAP software, the system was modeled to evaluate fault behaviors based on IEC 60909 and IEC 60255-151 standards. The study assesses the existing protection architecture and proposes an optimized digital protection framework. Simulation results indicate that the initial symmetrical short-circuit current at the 0.4 kV busbar reaches 96.5 kA, exceeding the 25-36 kA breaking capacity of the legacy equipment by nearly 300%. The analysis also investigates single-line-to-ground faults, revealing a fault current inversion phenomenon driven by the solid grounding configuration. To address these vulnerabilities, the study proposes upgrading to 150 kA-rated high-breaking-capacity switchgear and implementing advanced negative-sequence protection (ANSI 46) and transformer differential protection (ANSI 87T). This work provides a practical diagnostic framework for mitigating asymmetrical faults and optimizing protection coordination in heavy-duty industrial clusters.
Volume: 17
Issue: 3
Page: 1768-1779
Publish at: 2026-09-01

Design of an integrated forecasting and scheduling model for power plants to balance solar and wind energy variability using real-time weather data

10.11591/ijpeds.v17.i3.pp2112-2126
Syafii Syafii , Novizon Novizon , Imra Nur Izrillah
The integration of variable renewable energy sources such as solar and wind creates challenges for power system stability and operational scheduling due to their intermittent characteristics. This study proposes an integrated forecasting and scheduling framework using real-time weather data for a hybrid renewable power system consisting of photovoltaic, wind, geothermal, and hydropower plants. Solar irradiance and wind speed data were collected using pyranometer and anemometer sensors and modeled using ARIMA for 24-hour-ahead forecasting. Based on AIC and BIC evaluation, ARIMA (2, 1, 2) and ARIMA (1, 1, 1) were selected for solar irradiance and wind speed forecasting, respectively. The forecasting results achieved MAPE values of 18.43% for solar irradiance and 14.12% for wind speed. The forecasted renewable outputs were integrated into a generation scheduling model, where geothermal power operated as a base-load unit and hydropower acted as a balancing source. The proposed scheduling strategy was evaluated through a 24-hour Newton-Raphson load flow simulation. Results showed that system power losses remained below 2% and bus voltage levels were maintained within acceptable limits, demonstrating reliable operation under fluctuating weather conditions.
Volume: 17
Issue: 3
Page: 2112-2126
Publish at: 2026-09-01

Optimization of hybrid GA-PSO-based energy management with Six Sigma penalty in buildings

10.11591/ijpeds.v17.i3.pp2259-2270
K. N. Nurwijayanti , Rustam Asnawi , Handaru Jati , Linda Faridah , Effendi Dodi Arisandi
This study proposes the optimization of a hybrid genetic algorithm-particle swarm optimization (GA-PSO) building energy management combined with Six Sigma for quality control. The main problems include high energy consumption, large carbon emissions, and performance variability. Six Sigma is applied through control limits (UCL/LCL) and process capability index (Cpk) so that the solution is not only efficient but also stable. Using 30 days of operational data, the model evaluates daily energy consumption (kWh) and carbon emissions, then compares the baseline with pure GA, pure PSO, and GA-PSO+Six Sigma. The results show that GA-PSO reduces average energy consumption by 5.1% compared to GA and 3.5% compared to PSO. When combined with Six Sigma, the savings increased to 7.5% compared to GA and 6.6% compared to PSO, while reducing carbon emissions without compromising operational comfort. These findings present a measurable, sustainable, low-carbon building energy management model that is aligned with the decarbonization framework and ISO 50001 best practices.
Volume: 17
Issue: 3
Page: 2259-2270
Publish at: 2026-09-01

Real-time selective harmonic elimination in multilevel inverters using embedded metaheuristic optimization on PYNQ-Z2

10.11591/ijpeds.v17.i3.pp1914-1925
Taha Ahmad Hussein , Dahaman Ishak
This paper offers a structured methodology for regulating optimal control switching angles in multilevel inverters to achieve selective harmonic elimination (SHE) using embedded optimization algorithms on the PYNQ‑Z2 FPGA operating base. The proposed approach employs metaheuristic techniques including particle swarm optimization (PSO), genetic algorithm (GA), gray wolf optimization (GWO), slime mould algorithm (SMA), and whale optimization algorithm (WOA) to generate candidate switching angles across a wide range of modulation indices. For each modulation index, the most effective solution towards harmonic reduction and waveform quality is selected and implemented on the FPGA controller, enabling reliable real‑time operation with very low delay. Experimental validation of a 31‑level single‑phase inverter confirms the effectiveness of the method in eliminating selected harmonics and refining the fundamental output. Combining comparative algorithmic selection with FPGA‑based control demonstrates a systematic and efficient strategy for advanced inverter systems. A MATLAB/Simulink model is constructed to represent the 31-level inverter to enhance the practical aspect and study the frequency spectrum, where many harmonics that contribute to obtaining THD within the IEEE standards are eliminated. Also, the different types of losses are calculated based on the governing mathematical rates.
Volume: 17
Issue: 3
Page: 1914-1925
Publish at: 2026-09-01

Transformer fault diagnosis using dissolved gas analysis: a hybrid ensemble model with data preprocessing

10.11591/ijpeds.v17.i3.pp1780-1793
Fatima Zohra Boudjella , Souhila Boudjella , Nasiru Yahaya Ahmed , Hazlee Azil Illias , Smail Latifa , Reriballah Hafidha
Failures and guaranteed dependability of the electrical grid, early fault diagnosis in power transformers is essential. By examining gas ratios suggestive of faults, dissolved gas analysis (DGA) continues to be a vital component for transformer health monitoring. Using four preprocessing techniques raw data, min-max normalization, logarithmic transformation, and square root transformation; this study suggests a machine learning method for fault detection using DGA gas ratios (such as CH₄/H₂, C₂H₂/C₂H₄). Random forest (RF), support vector machines (SVM), gradient boosted trees (GBT), and a hybrid RF-GBT model that uses prediction fusion were the four supervised classifiers assessed. Performance was assessed using accuracy, precision, recall, f1-score, and Cohen's kappa. Experimental results show that the hybrid RF-GBT model with logarithmic transformation achieves the highest performance, with 94.93% accuracy and 92.37% Cohen's kappa, significantly outperforming individual classifiers. Data preprocessing, particularly logarithmic and square root transformations, enhances diagnostic robustness by mitigating feature skewness. This study underscores the importance of tailored preprocessing and ensemble methods for reliable transformer fault diagnosis.
Volume: 17
Issue: 3
Page: 1780-1793
Publish at: 2026-09-01

Comparation analysis of SSA and GWO algorithms for maximum power point tracking in standalone solar modules

10.11591/ijpeds.v17.i3.pp1962-1973
Indhana Sudiharto , Mochammad Machmud Rifadil , Muhammad Affid Febriansyah
Solar photovoltaic (PV) systems experience continuous output fluctuations due to changes in solar irradiance and operating temperature, reducing the effectiveness of power extraction. To improve energy harvesting capability, an adaptive maximum power point tracking (MPPT) method is required. This study evaluates the performance of the salp swarm algorithm (SSA) and grey wolf optimization (GWO) for MPPT control in a 100 Wp standalone PV system employing a single-ended primary inductor converter (SEPIC). The analysis focuses on tracking speed, efficiency, and stability under varying environmental conditions. Simulations were carried out in the ALTAIR PSIM Professional 2022.1.0.8 platform with irradiance levels ranging from 200-1000 W/m² and temperatures between 35-55 °C, including dynamic irradiance transitions. The obtained results show that SSA achieved a higher average tracking efficiency of 97.46% with a convergence time of 0.2276 s, while GWO produced 87.94% efficiency and a 0.2512 s convergence time. In addition, SSA demonstrated more stable tracking behavior and lower oscillation during low-irradiance operation. These results indicate that SSA provides better MPPT performance for compact standalone PV applications operating under fluctuating environmental conditions. Future work will involve hardware-based validation and real-time implementation.
Volume: 17
Issue: 3
Page: 1962-1973
Publish at: 2026-09-01

Bayesian-optimized LSTM networks for accurate day-ahead photovoltaic power prediction

10.11591/ijpeds.v17.i3.pp2172-2182
Enas Ali Ahmed , Muna Hassan Hussein , Abdulkreem Mohammed Salih
Accurate day-ahead photovoltaic (PV) power forecasting is essential for effective energy management and grid balancing. This study proposes a Bayesian-optimized long short-term memory (LSTM) network for day-ahead PV power prediction. The model was evaluated using a PV-meteorological time-series dataset collected from a 500-kWp grid-connected PV installation in Mosul, Iraq, between January 1, 2021 and December 31, 2023 at an hourly sampling interval. After data-quality screening, 25,842 valid synchronized observations were retained from 26,280 timestamps. Each forecasting sample used the previous 24 hours of PV power, solar irradiance, ambient temperature, relative humidity, wind speed, and temporal indicators to predict the subsequent 24-hour PV power profile. The data were divided chronologically into training, validation, and independent test subsets. Preprocessing included duplicate removal, missing-value treatment, IQR-based outlier handling, temporal alignment, and min-max normalization fitted only on the training subset. Bayesian optimization tuned the LSTM architecture and training hyperparameters, while a hybrid MSE-MAE loss balanced large deviations and overall error. The proposed model achieved an MAE of 15.2 kW, an RMSE of 20.5 kW, a MAPE of 8.3%, and an R² of 0.93, outperforming linear regression and autoregressive integrated moving average (ARIMA) under the evaluated conditions.
Volume: 17
Issue: 3
Page: 2172-2182
Publish at: 2026-09-01

Adaptive electromagnetic interference mitigation for wide-bandgap power converters: a review

10.11591/ijpeds.v17.i3.pp1941-1949
Md Shishir Rahman , Siti Mahfuza Saimon , Shahrin Md Ayob , Muhammad Yusof Mohd Noor
Wide-bandgap (WBG) semiconductor devices such as silicon carbide (SiC) and gallium nitride (GaN) enable higher switching frequencies, greater efficiency, and increased power density, but their fast-switching transients and steep dv/dt and di/dt characteristics generate substantially elevated electromagnetic interference (EMI). This review synthesizes peer-reviewed studies to quantitatively compare EMI mitigation outcomes across source-side modulation, gate-driving, filtering, packaging, and AI-based techniques for WBG converters. Packaging-integrated common-mode screens cut CM current by up to 26 dB while raising partial-discharge inception voltage by 53%. Chaotic PWM with passive filtering reaches up to 50 dB attenuation with a 74% reduction in inductor volume. AI-based closed-loop adaptation attains up to 19.2 dB average attenuation with 98.5% CISPR 25 compliance, while RL-based filters reach 25-30 dB across wide frequency ranges. Active gate-driving reduces peak EMI by 19-39 dB. No single technique simultaneously delivers the highest suppression, efficiency, and lowest cost. Hybrid Si/WBG design currently offers the most balanced trade-off. These outcomes are consolidated into a taxonomy of propagation mechanisms, mitigation techniques, application-specific strategies across five domains, and open gaps in standardized testing and validation. These findings provide a practical, quantitative reference for engineers designing next-generation, EMC-compliant WBG power electronic systems.
Volume: 17
Issue: 3
Page: 1941-1949
Publish at: 2026-09-01

Hybrid active filter control for harmonic reduction in quadratic boost converter-integrated grid systems

10.11591/ijpeds.v17.i3.pp1564-1580
S. Venkata Ramana Rao , Mahiban Lindsay
This article examines the proportional-integral (PI) and fractional-order proportional-integral-derivative (FOPID) controllers for a quasi-buck converter-hybrid active filter (QBC-HAF) to improve the harmonic suppression and power quality of a hybrid energy storage system (HESS) fed to the grid. This system uses a high-gain QBC, which is connected to a VSI to control the DC-link voltage and to allow controlled energy transfer from photovoltaic and battery sources. A MATLAB/Simulink test bed and hardware prototype were developed to validate performance. The results demonstrate the enhanced stability and quality of the output waveforms for both controllers, with the FOPID providing better harmonic suppression, reducing output current total harmonic distortion (THD) from 4.34% to 4.14% and output voltage THD from 4.75% to 4.42%. The simulation results were validated using experimental tests, showing that the FOPID-controlled QBC-HAF system is suitable for power quality improvement, voltage stabilization, and dynamic performance in renewable integrated grids.
Volume: 17
Issue: 3
Page: 1564-1580
Publish at: 2026-09-01

Comparative simulation of fractional-order PD sliding mode and fuzzy logic controllers for a second-order discrete-time nonlinear system

10.11591/ijpeds.v17.i3.pp1822-1830
Ahmed Bennaoui , Salah Benzian , Hamza Sulimani , Aissa Ameur
Tight output regulation in power converters and electric drive systems requires a control strategy that simultaneously minimizes tracking error and maintains smooth actuation-two objectives that are intrinsically in tension for nonlinear, parameter-varying plants. Despite the widespread deployment of fractional-order PD sliding mode control (FOPD-SMC) and Mamdani fuzzy logic control (FLC) in this domain, no prior study has placed them in a direct, metric-identical comparison on a common plant. The present work closes this gap by implementing both controllers on the same second-order discrete-time nonlinear plant-representative of DC-DC converter output dynamics and motor-drive input-output behavior and evaluating them under a composite reference that combines sinusoidally-modulated ramps with step transitions, scored by the integral of squared error (ISE) and integral of absolute error (IAE). FOPD-SMC achieves ISE= 1.639 × 10-2 and IAE= 3.345 × 10-2, outperforming FLC by 87.6% and 50.4%, respectively; the advantage originates from the non-integer memory embedded in the sliding surface via the Gr¨unwald-Letnikov operator and from the explicit decomposition of the control law into nominal-tracking and robustness components. FLC, conversely, produces a chattering-free, continuously varying control signal a structural consequence of smooth Gaussian membership functions and linguistic rule aggregation, at the cost of a mean absolute tracking error twice that of FOPD-SMC. These findings establish a quantitative selection criterion: FOPD-SMC is recommended when tight voltage or current regulation is the primary objective, while FLC is preferred where smooth torque delivery and reduced actuator stress outweigh marginal gains in tracking accuracy.
Volume: 17
Issue: 3
Page: 1822-1830
Publish at: 2026-09-01

Evaluation of hybrid and standalone learning models for predicting lithium-ion battery capacity degradation

10.11591/ijpeds.v17.i3.pp1581-1590
Shobana Devendiren , A. Muthuraman , M. Vanitha , I. Arul Doss Adaikalam , R. Kalaivani , P. Kavitha
The prediction of lithium-ion battery capacity degradation plays a vital role in ensuring safe and efficient operation in electric mobility and renewable energy applications. This paper evaluates standalone machine learning, deep learning, and hybrid models for battery capacity estimation. The evaluated ML models include random forest, gradient boosting, and extreme gradient boosting (XGBoost), while the DL model employs a multilayer perceptron. The hybrid framework combines DL based feature extraction with ensemble ML regression or classification. A real-world dataset comprising temperature, resistance, reactance, and battery type was preprocessed, scaled, and divided into training and testing subsets. Hyperparameter tuning, k-fold cross-validation, and uncertainty quantification were incorporated to improve reliability and reproducibility. Model performance was assessed using RMSE, MAE, and R² for regression and receiver operating characteristic–area under the curve (ROC-AUC) and F1-score for classification. ROC curves, calibration curves, metric-comparison charts, cycle-wise degradation plots, and residual analyses were used for evaluation. Results demonstrate that the hybrid model outperforms standalone approaches by reducing RMSE and improving calibration, reliability, uncertainty alignment, and interpretability. This also establishes its novelty over existing state of health (SOH) models and highlights future extensions involving LSTM-based temporal modeling and chemistry-adaptive transfer learning. Overall, hybrid modeling provides a promising solution for reliable predictive battery maintenance.
Volume: 17
Issue: 3
Page: 1581-1590
Publish at: 2026-09-01

Design and implementation of a boost converter circuit based on an Arduino kit

10.11591/ijpeds.v17.i3.pp1630-1642
Ali S. Alhfidh , Farah Isam Hameed , Ali N. Hamoodi , Fawwaz Jassim Mohammed
This paper presents a DC motor speed control system based on an Arduino kit with a boost converter that enhances performance under variable load conditions. At load fluctuations, traditional control methods frequently show poor stability and efficiency. A boost converter is used to raise the input voltage to the DC motor. Arduino kit creates a real time pulse with modulation (PWM) signal to modify the duty cycle of the converter and provide dynamic voltage compensation; this system is able to maintain the speed constant in spite of changing with current and torque. The proposed practical connection board offers quicker response time and increases overall efficiency. An economical solution is provided by the combination of boost voltage regulation by Arduino-based PWM control. Results displayed the relationship between torque-speed and torque-current curves with and without the boost unit. Finally, it has been concluded that the boost output voltage is fixed at the desired value.
Volume: 17
Issue: 3
Page: 1630-1642
Publish at: 2026-09-01

Energy optimization of an electric vehicle charging station using a hybrid STA-GWO MPPT strategy

10.11591/ijpeds.v17.i3.pp2183-2196
Samia Amrouni , Said Aissou , Rafik Medjoudj , Elyazid Amirouche , Nabil Benyahia , Abdelhakim Belkaid
This paper presents a hybrid electric vehicle charging station powered by both a PV source and the utility grid, incorporating an energy management strategy that prioritizes the utilization of solar energy while exporting surplus power to the grid during periods of low charging demand. To enhance the performance of maximum power point tracking, a hybrid control strategy integrating the grey wolf optimizer (GWO) and the super-twisting algorithm (STA) is proposed. The GWO performs rapid global exploration to accurately identify the maximum power point, whereas the STA ensures precise, robust, and chattering-free tracking under steady-state operating conditions. The proposed system was modeled in MATLAB/Simulink and validated under a dynamic irradiance profile characterized by both abrupt and gradual variations. Simulation results demonstrate a convergence time of 2-3 ms, residual power oscillations below 0.1%, and an average tracking efficiency of 99.38%. Compared with conventional MPPT techniques, the proposed STA-GWO approach significantly suppresses steady-state oscillations, accelerates convergence, and prevents MPP tracking failure under rapid irradiance fluctuations through the global optimization capability of GWO. These findings highlight the effectiveness of the proposed hybrid MPPT strategy in improving the robustness, energy conversion efficiency, and grid integration capability of PV-powered EV charging stations, making it a promising solution for next-generation sustainable charging infrastructure.
Volume: 17
Issue: 3
Page: 2183-2196
Publish at: 2026-09-01
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