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30,609 Article Results

Utilization of BSA optimized cascade controller in a renewable energy-based AGC systems

10.11591/ijape.v15.i2.pp546-553
Rambabu Kasukurthi , R. Srinu Naik
A novel cascade controller named proportional integral derivative-tilt integral derivative (PID-TID) is proposed for a two-area thermal-wind automatic generation control (AGC) system and its gains are optimized by a novel metaheuristic bird swarm algorithm (BSA). The BSA tuned PID-TID controller enhances dynamics over PID and TID controller in terms of settling time and peak shoots. Moreover, dynamics with wind integration have shown significant improvement over thermal system alone. Further system has shown enhanced dynamics with redox flow batteries (RFB) over thermal-wind system. Furthermore, studies with automatic voltage regulation (AVR) strengthen voltage stability. Also, responses with PID-TID have shown steady dynamic profile at various loading conditions. Integrating wind energy into thermal system results in significant enhancements in dynamics showcasing greater stability. Also, improvements are evident with the RFB introduction, enhance dynamic with in hybrid system. The incorporation of AVR enhance voltage stability. The proposed PID-TID demonstrates significant robustness ensuring stable response under loading condition and effectively boost dynamic performance.
Volume: 15
Issue: 2
Page: 546-553
Publish at: 2026-06-01

Stochastic planning for feeding a green hydrogen plant into an isolated network

10.11591/ijape.v15.i2.pp744-759
Michael Salcedo , Mario A. Rios
In recent years, an electrochemical process called electrolysis has gained prominence. This process uses water and electricity as its main sources, significantly reducing the carbon footprint of hydrogen production. Additionally, colors have been assigned to represent the source of hydrogen production in a simple way. For example, green refers to hydrogen produced by electrolysis using electricity generated from non-conventional renewable energy sources (NCRES). For plants not connected to the national grid, the connection of a green hydrogen plant requires that NCRES be connected to an isolated electrical grid. In these cases, the power supply will depend on the variability of the source. This paper presents the methodology to plan and size the main components of the wind power plant and the battery energy storage system (BESS) to ensure that the electrolyzer constraints can be met during the studied period. Furthermore, it introduces a novel methodology that uses the autoregressive moving average (ARMA) model to generate a sequential Monte Carlo simulation along with dynamic optimization. This approach allows for the sizing of the wind power plant and BESS, considering the stochastic behavior of the wind.
Volume: 15
Issue: 2
Page: 744-759
Publish at: 2026-06-01

Hydroelectric power generator using vertical axis turbine with adaptive blades

10.11591/ijape.v15.i2.pp636-645
Rizki Nurilyas Ahmad , Soraya Komala Firdaus , Mohammad Nasrul Mubin , Hasyim Asy'ari , Tindyo Prasetyo , Iqbal Reza Pradana
The implementation of micro-hydro power plants (MHPPs) offers a strategic solution for achieving energy independence, particularly within remote communities. This study proposes the development of a hydroelectric power generator with a vertical axis turbine, designed not only as a source of clean energy but also to minimize visual pollution. The system maximizes submerged components, thereby reducing its visual impact. Although MHPPs technology is widely applied to address electrification challenges in remote areas, the system proposed in this study, with its components predominantly submerged below the water surface, offers a visually unobtrusive solution that is also well-suited for urban environments. However, conventional locked-blade turbines often experience significant efficiency losses due to counter-flow pressure acting on blades moving against the water stream, highlighting the need for an adaptive mechanism to minimize drag and optimize energy capture. The hydroelectric power generator using vertical axis turbine with adaptive blades consistently demonstrated better performance than a system using locked blades. The adaptive-blade configuration outperformed the locked-blade system, exhibiting a 5.1% increase in average turbine efficiency and a 3.5% improvement in overall system efficiency.
Volume: 15
Issue: 2
Page: 636-645
Publish at: 2026-06-01

Transient stability analysis of a new proposed hybrid PV-WTG microgrid for Tinghir power distribution

10.11591/ijape.v15.i2.pp449-463
Hicham Stitou , Mohamed Amine Atillah , Abdelghani Boudaoud , Mounaim Aqil
This work focuses on the transient stability of a hybrid photovoltaic and wind turbine generator (PV-WTG) system at the Tinghir 225/60/11 kV substation in Morocco. Results were obtained by evaluating the effects of the proposed configuration on power angle, frequency, voltage, and fault-clearing times in the system. The study examined key disturbances, including abrupt loss of renewable energy and major electrical faults. Analysis using ETAP demonstrated a power angle change of -55 degrees, 20 degrees greater than the normal operating point, which can be caused by the loss of PV and approaches the IEEE Std 421.5 stability limit. The maximum voltage variation was 6.1% for the PV and 2.7% for the WTG, exceeding the IEC 60034-1 limits of ±5%. Another major finding of this analysis was that WTG loss induces frequency swings of 0.8 Hz and requires 10 to 15 seconds for recovery, indicating that low-inertia systems have insufficient inertia to return to steady state quickly. Therefore, the study demonstrates that adaptive control approaches must be used to achieve stable operation of hybrid connected microgrids. Using the time domain simulation (TDS) process, we calculated the critical clearing time (CCT) of 155 ms for 3-phase faults and 464 ms for line-to-ground faults, all of which are within the CCT limit set by IEEE Std 3002.2, and this confirms the necessity of urgent clearing of faults to maintain transient stability and demonstrates the need for fast protection and adaptive control in low-inertia systems, which is of particular concern in rural grids.
Volume: 15
Issue: 2
Page: 449-463
Publish at: 2026-06-01

Optimized resonant capacitor and switching frequency for high-efficiency wireless power transfer in E-bikes using CST Studio Suite

10.11591/ijape.v15.i2.pp514-524
Wan Muhamad Hakimi Wan Bunyamin , Rahimi Baharom
Wireless power transfer (WPT) is increasingly adopted for E-bike charging; however, its performance is often constrained by inaccurate resonant tuning, inefficient capacitor selection, and improper switching-frequency operation, which lead to significant power loss and reduced transfer efficiency. This study addresses these limitations by formulating an optimized design methodology for selecting resonant capacitors and inverter switching frequency to achieve high-efficiency energy transfer. A 40-mm air gap between the transmitter and receiver coils is modeled using CST Studio Suite, where a 3D electromagnetic circuit co-simulation framework is applied to evaluate mutual inductance, resonant behavior, magnetic-field distribution, and S-parameter characteristics. Parametric sweeps combined with a convergence-based optimization algorithm identify the optimal resonant operating point, yielding a peak resonant frequency of 38.1 kHz, a maximum simulated transfer efficiency of 99%, and a deep reflection coefficient of -21.77 dB. The optimized configuration also demonstrates stable voltage and field distribution at resonance, confirming effective impedance matching. The main contributions of this work include: i) establishing a unified EM–circuit optimization workflow for determining resonant capacitance and switching frequency, ii) providing quantitative resonance parameters and performance indicators suitable for compact E-bike WPT systems, and iii) integrating mathematical modelling to validate CST-based predictions and ensure theoretical consistency. The proposed approach significantly enhances design accuracy and efficiency, offering a scalable and high-performance solution for next-generation low-power electric vehicle (EV) and E-bike wireless charging applications.
Volume: 15
Issue: 2
Page: 514-524
Publish at: 2026-06-01

Analyzing the ability of capacitor energy in a modular multilevel converter to support inertia in an AC system

10.11591/ijape.v15.i2.pp646-662
Dunya Sh. Wais , Huda A. Abbood
Flexible DC transmission systems based on modular multilevel converters have the potential to support the inertia of AC power grids by using sub-module capacitor energy storage. However, existing studies generally believe that the inertia provided by flexible DC systems is limited by their energy storage time constants, which is weaker than that of synchronous motors, and lacks quantitative indicators to measure their support strength. Introducing the flexible-DC equivalent inertia constant (FDEIC) as a precise metric for assessing inertia support under different management schemes, this research presents a new analytical framework based on frequency responses. Results show that the inertial response is influenced by control bandwidth, DC-voltage dynamics, and circulating-current behaviour. A more generalized multi-terminal FDEIC is created to account for the impact of raised total capacitor energy, and the theory is further expanded to cover DC grids with more than one terminal. A three-terminal flexible DC grid simulation model is built in the PSCAD environment, and the simulation results verify the effectiveness of the proposed quantitative analysis method.
Volume: 15
Issue: 2
Page: 646-662
Publish at: 2026-06-01

Technological and philosophical perspectives on photovoltaic electric bicycles for sustainable mobility

10.11591/ijape.v15.i2.pp905-914
Endang Susanti , Azriyenni Azhari Zakri , Antonius Rajagukguk
This paper investigates photovoltaic-based electric bicycles (PV e-bikes) as sustainable transportation solutions through integrated technological and ethical analysis. Our systematic literature review and mathematical modeling examine technological advancements, environmental benefits, and implementation challenges. Key findings reveal PV e-bikes can extend travel range by 20.5 km on sunny days and reduce annual grid charging needs by 93% in optimal locations. Advanced perovskite solar cells achieving 25.7% efficiency show promise for revolutionizing on-the-go charging. Mathematical analysis reveals optimal PV panel sizing requires 45-225 W capacity depending on integration approach, with battery technologies ranging from LiFePO₄ (2000-4000 cycles) to advanced lithium-ion systems. However, critical challenges persist including partial shading effects reducing efficiency by 65-82%, weather-dependent performance variations, and initial production costs of $467-900. The study addresses specific gaps in previous research by developing a comprehensive framework integrating technical performance metrics with ethical considerations. Novel contributions include: i) mathematical modeling of PV-battery optimization for e-bike applications, ii) systematic analysis of partial shading mitigation strategies, and iii) philosophical framework addressing social justice implications. Results demonstrate that while PV e-bikes offer significant environmental benefits, their widespread adoption requires addressing technological limitations, cost barriers, and equitable access concerns.
Volume: 15
Issue: 2
Page: 905-914
Publish at: 2026-06-01

Advanced strategy for energy management and voltage stability in microgrid-a review

10.11591/ijape.v15.i2.pp880-893
Aswathi Ravindran , B. Rubini
Microgrids (MGs) have emerged as transformative solution for improving energy resilience, stability, and sustainability in modern power systems. By incorporating distributed energy resources (DERs), renewable energy sources (RES), and energy storage systems (ESS), microgrids can supply reliable and stable power to local loads while also supporting the main grid during disturbances. Despite their potential, the efficient operation of MGs depends heavily on well-designed energy management and control systems (EMCS). A key challenge lies in addressing inherent variability of RES such as solar and wind, which introduces uncertainty in generation, as well as the dynamic and unpredictable nature of consumer loads. These factors make strong, adaptive, and intelligent energy management strategies crucial for ensuring both voltage stability and reliable operation. This paper presents review of advanced strategies developed for energy management and voltage stability in microgrids. It explores state-of-the-art optimization techniques, intelligent control methods, and emerging management frameworks that aim to balance generation, storage, and load demand efficiently. The study critically analyzes current methodologies, highlights their limitations, and identifies crucial research gaps in literature. By synthesizing recent developments, the paper provides insights in to innovative approaches that can enhance system reliability, optimize resource utilization, and ensure stable microgrid operation under uncertain conditions.
Volume: 15
Issue: 2
Page: 880-893
Publish at: 2026-06-01

Intelligent gear shifting in electric and hybrid vehicles: a CAN controller-based approach using SOC%

10.11591/ijape.v15.i2.pp581-589
Kalagotla Chenchireddy , Naresh Jella , Vadthya Jagan , R. Naveena Bhargavi , Shabbier Ahmed Sydu , Nunavath Praveen
The intelligent management of gear shifting in electric and hybrid vehicles (EVs and HEVs) is essential for optimizing energy efficiency, improving fuel economy, and enhancing driving comfort. Traditional gear shifting strategies, which are designed for internal combustion engine (ICE) vehicles, do not fully accommodate the unique dynamics of electric and hybrid powertrains. This paper proposes a novel approach for gear shifting in EVs and HEVs, integrating the state of charge (SOC%) of the battery as a critical input for decision-making. The proposed algorithm utilizes real-time data from the vehicle's controller area network (CAN), enabling seamless communication between the transmission control unit, battery management system, and powertrain control module. The algorithm adjusts gear shifting based on SOC%, vehicle speed, engine RPM, and throttle position, ensuring optimal use of the electric motor and internal combustion engine. At high SOC%, the algorithm prioritizes electric motor use to conserve fuel and extend battery life, while at lower SOC%, it switches to relying more on the combustion engine. The proposed method optimizes energy usage, enhances fuel efficiency, and prolongs battery life by adapting the shifting strategy to varying driving conditions.
Volume: 15
Issue: 2
Page: 581-589
Publish at: 2026-06-01

Techno-economic assessment of gas engine power plants penetration in a power grid

10.11591/ijape.v15.i2.pp535-545
Adelhard Beni Rehiara , Frederik Haryanto Sumbung
This paper presents a techno-economic assessment of integrating engine power plants into a power grid, using the snake optimization (SO) algorithm to solve the multi-objective optimal power flow (OPF) problem. The study focuses on four key objectives: minimizing fuel costs, reducing voltage deviation, enhancing voltage stability, and minimizing active power losses. Simulations conducted on the 38-bus of Manokwari grid system demonstrate that the SO algorithm significantly improved performance in all areas. Fuel costs were reduced to 2.003 million USD/h while maintaining a stable voltage profile. Voltage deviation was reduced to 0.5577 p.u., ensuring better voltage consistency across the grid. Voltage stability was enhanced with a minimized Lmax value of 0.0200 p.u., and active power losses were reduced to 0.3423 MW, reflecting a notable increase in system efficiency. These findings demonstrate the effectiveness of integrating gas engine power plants, which led to noticeable improvements in operational efficiency and grid stability.
Volume: 15
Issue: 2
Page: 535-545
Publish at: 2026-06-01

Optimizing real-time energy control in hybrid low-voltage microgrids using a multi-agent approach

10.11591/ijape.v15.i2.pp505-513
Doha El Hafiane , Abdelmounime El Magri , Ilyass El Myasse , Adil Mansouri , Rachid Lajouad
This research proposes a real-time framework for energy management and control in hybrid low-voltage microgrids (LVMGs) through multi-agent systems (MAS). The proposed framework enables decentralized and autonomous coordination among renewable energy sources, energy storage systems, loads, and the utility grid to dynamically optimize power flows under varying operating conditions. Each agent adjusts its setpoints using local information while cooperating with other agents to achieve global objectives. The MAS is implemented using The Java Agent Development Framework (JADE) and co-simulated with MATLAB/Simulink to accurately represent the microgrid’s physical behavior. Simulation results under grid-connected and islanded modes demonstrate that the proposed approach increases renewable energy utilization by up to 10% and reduces total energy costs by 7.6% compared to conventional centralized control schemes. Moreover, the system exhibits strong adaptability and robustness in the presence of renewable intermittency and load fluctuations, ensuring reliable real-time operation. These results confirm that MAS-based control provides an effective, scalable, and resilient solution for real-time energy management in hybrid LVMGs.
Volume: 15
Issue: 2
Page: 505-513
Publish at: 2026-06-01

Surface passivation-induced enhancement of light absorption in photoanodes for quantum dot-based solar cells

10.11591/ijape.v15.i2.pp948-954
Ho Minh Trung , Le Xuan Thuy
Quantum dot-sensitized solar cells hold promise for low-cost, high-efficiency photovoltaic applications; however, instability due to quantum dot degradation and poor interfacial charge transport remain key challenges. In this study, a copper-doped Zn(S,Se) passivation layer was chemically synthesized and applied onto TiO₂/CdS/CdSe@Cu photoanodes. The goal was to shield quantum dots from corrosive polysulfide electrolytes and enhance photon absorption. The morphology, structure, and optical characteristics of the Zn(S,Se):Cu layers were systematically analyzed using field-emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM), energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and UV-Vis spectroscopy. J-V measurements demonstrated that the ZnSe:Cu-coated photoelectrode achieved a higher power conversion efficiency (5.31%) than the ZnS:Cu counterpart (4.5%). Moreover, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy revealed a lower charge transfer resistance (Rct2 = 331 Ω), indicating improved electron transport and reduced recombination. These findings highlight the potential of Zn(S,Se):Cu layers in enhancing the stability and efficiency of quantum dot-sensitized solar cells, paving the way for more durable and efficient solar energy devices.
Volume: 15
Issue: 2
Page: 948-954
Publish at: 2026-06-01

Voltage stress mitigation in high-gain DC-DC converters via dual Z-source DC-DC converter

10.11591/ijape.v15.i2.pp735-743
Jawahar Marimuthu , Arockiaraj Sesaiya , Bhavani Ramachandran , Ramya Hyacinth Lourdusamy
This paper presents a novel dual Z-source DC-DC converter designed to address the limitations of conventional high step-up converters used in renewable energy applications such as solar photovoltaic systems and fuel cells. Traditional boost and impedance-source converters often suffer from high voltage stress, low efficiency at higher power levels, and complex multi-stage configurations. To overcome these challenges, the proposed topology integrates a hybrid structure comprising symmetrical inductors and capacitors, enabling high voltage gain at reduced duty cycles while minimizing component stress. The converter is analytically modelled and evaluated under continuous conduction mode, and its performance is verified through MATLAB/Simulink simulations and experimental validation using a hardware prototype. The results demonstrate that the proposed converter achieves a voltage gain of up to 10× with a duty cycle below 0.5, while maintaining efficiency above 95% and significantly reducing voltage stress across switching devices. Compared to existing high step-up converters, the proposed design offers improved efficiency, reduced component count, and enhanced reliability. These features make it a promising solution for efficient and sustainable energy conversion in modern renewable energy systems.
Volume: 15
Issue: 2
Page: 735-743
Publish at: 2026-06-01

Design to optimize the location, number, and performance of dynamic voltage restorers using artificial neural networks

10.11591/ijape.v15.i2.pp793-807
Yulianta Siregar , Faizzufar Taqy , Mohd Najib Mohd Hussain , Hafizh Prihtiadi , Muldi Yuhendri
The need for electrical energy always increases from year to year. This means that the distribution system in the electric power system needs to pay attention to its level of stability and reliability. A low level of stability can cause disruption and result in losses. The system's stability and reliability can be increased by installing custom power devices (CPD) equipment such as a dynamic voltage restorer (DVR). In this research, the location, number, and performance of DVRs are optimized using an artificial neural network based on the voltage stability of the distribution network in the Sibolga Penyulang SB02 area. Based on the research results, buses 2, 12, 24, 27, and 35 are the best places to install DVRs, and the system will have five DVRs installed. A three-phase short circuit simulation was used to determine how feeder stability was impacted by DVR performance. Then, the voltage falls to 0.1770 p.u. during a disturbance and then rises to 0.8073 p.u., which is within the typical voltage limit of > 0.9 p.u. It means that DVRs restored the voltage fully to the acceptable threshold.
Volume: 15
Issue: 2
Page: 793-807
Publish at: 2026-06-01

A newly proposed IVCVR controlled IUPQC device for PQ enhancement in multi-feeder distribution networks

10.11591/ijape.v15.i2.pp620-635
CH. V. Ramachandra Rao , M. Arun , B. Suresh Babu
Nowadays, the greater relevance of power-quality has being received substantial attention in multi-feeder distribution system due to increased usage of critical non-linear power-electronic loads in many applications. These loads proliferates the quality-power and it can degrade the voltage and current quality in multi-feeder networks from the utility-grid code specifications. Numerous custom-power compensation devices are accessible to mitigate corresponding voltage/current relevant PQ concerns, resulting that the multi-feeder networks are maintained as fundamentally strong, sinusoidal wave-shape, essentially balanced, linear/stable in nature. Amid of several custom-power compensation devices, the interline-UPQC is the most significant for enhancing both voltage/current waveforms in utility-grid integrated multi-feeder distribution system by employing suitable control algorithms. It is noted that, the newly proposed Integrated Voltage-Current Vector Reference (IVCVR) control algorithm eliminates the various technical issues in conventional schemes. In this work, a novel IVCVR algorithm controlled IUPQC device has been proposed for PQ enhancement and also maintaining flexible power-flow between the multi-feeders. The operation and performance of newly proposed IVCVR algorithm controlled IUPQC device has been investigated under definite PQ problems by using Matlab/Simulink software-computing tool. The extracted simulation results are highlighted with feasible interpretations complying with IEEE-519/2022 standards.
Volume: 15
Issue: 2
Page: 620-635
Publish at: 2026-06-01
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