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31,377 Article Results

Fine grained medical image fusion using type-2 fuzzy logic

10.11591/ijeecs.v14.i2.pp999-1011
Ramya H.R , B K Sujatha
In recent years, many fast-growing technologies coupled with wide volume of medical data for the digitalization of that data. Thus, researchers have shown their immense interest on Multi-sensor image fusion technologies which convey image information based on data from various sensor modalities into a single image. The image fusion technique is a widespread technique for the diagnosis of medical instrumentation and measurement. Therefore, in this paper we have introduced a novel multimodal sensor medical image fusion method based on type-2 fuzzy logic is proposed using Sugeno model. Moreover, a Gaussian smoothen filter is introduced to extract the detailed information of an image using sharp feature points.Type-2 fuzzy algorithm is used to achieve highly efficient feature points from both the b images to provide high visually classified resultant image. The experimental results demonstrate that the proposed method can achieve better performance than the state-of-the- art methods in terms of visual quality and objective evaluation.
Volume: 14
Issue: 2
Page: 999-1011
Publish at: 2019-05-01

Estimation of power and delay in CMOS circuits using LCT

10.11591/ijeecs.v14.i2.pp990-998
Pramod kumar Aylapogu , B.L.V.S.S Aditya , G. Sony , Ch Prasanna , A Satish , G. Sony , G. Sony , Ch Prasanna , Ch Prasanna , A Satish , A Satish
With a rapid growth in semiconductor Industry, complex applications are being implemented using small size chips, with the use of Complementary Metal Oxide Semi-Conductors (CMOS). With the introduction of new Integrated Circuit (IC) technology, the speed of the circuits has been increased by around 30%. But it was observed that for every two years, the power dissipation of a circuit doubles. The main reason for this power dissipation is leakage currents in the circuit. To reduce these leakage currents, we can reduce the width of the device. In addition to this, we can use lector techniques that use Leakage Control Transistors (LCT) and High Threshold Leakage Control Transistors(HTLCT). In this paper, we present a circuit technique that uses 130 nano-meter CMOS VLSI circuits that use two extra transistors to mitigate the leakage currents. The estimation of power and delay will be discussed using LCT’s and HTLCT’s
Volume: 14
Issue: 2
Page: 990-998
Publish at: 2019-05-01

Investigation of lower limb’s muscles activity during performance of salat between two age groups

10.11591/ijeecs.v14.i2.pp608-617
N. Abdul Malik , Z. Wahid , A. F. Zulkipili , S. Noorjannah Ibrahim , T. S. Gunawan , Sheroz Khan
Muscles play an important role in the movement of limbs. They undergo contraction to straighten or to bend a joint for the limbs to move. There are many factors that can affect muscle activity. Age could be one of the possible factors affecting muscle activity. The purpose of this study was to investigate the lower limb’s muscles activity during performance of salat between two age groups. The lower limb’s muscles investigated were Gastrocnemius (GAS), Biceps Femoris (BF), Tibialis Anterior (TA) and Rectus Femoris (RF). The postures involve are standing, bowing, prostrating and sitting. The electromyography (EMG) signals of the muscles were measured using the technique of surface EMG (sEMG). The signals were acquired by using Delsys Bagnoli™ Desktop sEMG system and EMGworks®. Ten healthy subjects from two age groups were recruited in this study. The first group consists of five males aged between 20 to 29 while the second group consists of five males aged above 40. The raw EMG signals acquired were analyzed and the EMG envelopes were developed using MATLAB. The averaged RMS values of EMG for each muscle were also calculated. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) of the EMGs was obtained by using F-test. Further investigation of the variance was performed by using Tukey comparison. From the results, the most active muscle during the performance of salat is BF while the less active muscle is GAS for both age groups. The statistical result show that there is no difference in the muscle activity pattern between the two age groups but there is significant difference among the muscles investigated.
Volume: 14
Issue: 2
Page: 608-617
Publish at: 2019-05-01

-81dB PSRR regulated cascode fully MOS bandgap reference for power management in RF energy harvesting systems

10.11591/ijeecs.v14.i2.pp706-714
M. K.Zulkalnain , N. A.Kamsani , R. M.Sidek , F. Z.Rokhani , S. J.Hashim , M. N.Hamidon
In the midst of technological advance where everything is connected via the internet, IoT is emerging as a potential solution to everything, ranging from health wearables to smart city. An RFEH power management system has promising benefits that could further improve the powering of IoT devices as it has potential for clean energy as well as other advantages which consists of a rectifier, bandgap reference and LDO as the main core. However, the main challenge is supplying clean and low noise power to sensitive circuits such as low power sensors, VCOs and PLLs. A high PSRR bandgap reference that rejects noise at the power supply is needed so that the circuitry powered by RFEH systems would be able to function properly. This paper presents a bandgap with MOS PTAT and CTAT extraction achieving a PSRR of -81dB at a Vref of 0.415V was designed on 130nm CMOS technology targeting IoT RFEH devices that operate at sub-threshold and near-threshold region that exhibits improvement over the base design.
Volume: 14
Issue: 2
Page: 706-714
Publish at: 2019-05-01

FBG sensor strain performance analysis using optisystem software too

10.11591/ijeecs.v14.i2.pp564-572
Muhammad Imaduddin Mohd Razi , Mohd Rashidi Che Beson , Saidatul Norlyana Azemi , Syed Alwee Aljunid
Fibre Bragg Grating is an optical fibre that widely use as sensor to sense strain, temperature and pressure. The advantages of FBG sensor are it will not affected by electromagnetic interference which can improve the accuracy of the result and also can be wearable sensor. In this paper, Optisystem software tools are used to analyse the strain performance of FBG sensor for monitoring knee joint movement in rehabilitation process. Single mode FBG with original wavelength of 1550nm are used to get the accurate result because of less attenuation and absorption factor. This project also analysed the wavelength shifted when strain experienced by FBG change. The accuracy of sensor and method of delivering the result are taken into the account. The interrogator are used to display the wavelength shifted by the FBG when there is change in strain experienced by FBG. All of the proposed designed are tested by using simulation software and the wavelength shifted in the simulation are compared to the theoretical value that has been calculated in this project. The development of this system expected to improve the rehabilitation process towards a healthy life.
Volume: 14
Issue: 2
Page: 564-572
Publish at: 2019-05-01

A simplify fuzzy logic controller design based safe experimentation dynamics for pantograph-catenary system

10.11591/ijeecs.v14.i2.pp903-911
Mohd Faisal Farhan , Nor Sakinah Abdul Shukor , Mohd Ashraf Ahmad , Mohd Helmi Suid , Mohd Riduwan Ghazali , Mohd Falfazli Mat Jusof
Contact force between catenary and pantograph of high speed train is a crucial system to deliver power to the train. The inconsistence force between them can cause the contact wire oscillate a lot and it can damage the mechanical structure of system and produce electric arc that can reduce the performance of system. This project proposes a single-input fuzzy logic controller (SIFLC) to control the contact force between the pantograph-catenary by implement Safe Experimentation Dynamics (SED) method to tune the SIFLC parameters. The essential feature of SIFLC is that it is model-free type controller design with less pre-defined variables as compared to other existing model-based controllers. The performance of the SIFLC is analyzed in terms of input tracking of contact force of pantograph-catenary and time response specifications. A simplified model of three degree of freedom (3-DOF) pantograph-catenary system is considered. In this study, the simulation result shows that the SIFLC successfully track the given contact force with less overshoot with percentage different of peak to peak response  from actual force 2% and fast response within 5.27s
Volume: 14
Issue: 2
Page: 903-911
Publish at: 2019-05-01

Design and implementation of embedded concurrent laser missile jammer system using FPGA

10.11591/ijeecs.v14.i2.pp780-787
Chin Beng. Lim , Muataz H. Salih
In real time system, every second takes into count as any extra delay could cause critical consequences. Nowadays, almost every system involving multiple data processing. To handle multiple data at the same time, spatial parallelism is required to enhance system performance and provide multitasking feature. Currently, frequency jamming system only can jam one signal at a time. When it comes to missile jamming, the delaying in processing the frequency could cause serious impact as there will be multiple missiles launched to hit a target. These missiles just need few seconds to hit the target within range. Laser missile jammer is designed, which can jam multiple missiles at a time from different directions. The potentials of Field Programmable Gate Array (FPGA) and spatial parallelism is used in this system, to enhance the performance of the system by increasing operating frequency, system throughput, decreasing system cost, power consumption of the system, and get lower complexity. Quartus II version 14.1 is used in this project as a development CAD tool, the entire system implemented on FPGA DE1-SoC board. Also, other components such as Laser Detector, Laser Transmitter, and monitoring screen is integrated with the board. A signal emulator module was designed, to generate signals for on-board self-testing purpose, this system can detect the frequency of laser missile and create an over-powered signal with similar frequency to jam the missile(s) through diffused plates. All the results are shown on control display. This system had achieved a better throughput and lower complexity in terms of less resource usage (3153 Logic Elements) and high operating frequency (up to 1.6 GHz).
Volume: 14
Issue: 2
Page: 780-787
Publish at: 2019-05-01

Corrupted packets discarding mechanism to alleviate congestion in wireless body area network

10.11591/ijeecs.v14.i2.pp581-587
Wan Aida Nadia Wan Abdullah , Naimah Yaakob , R. Badlishah Ahmad , Mohamed Elshaikh Elobaid , Siti Asilah Yah
Generation of high traffic from continuous sensing and collection of medical data from various biosensors on multiple body is most likely to occur in the Wireless Body Area Network (WBAN). This could be a factor to the congestion in the network. Occurrence of congestion would collapse the performances in the WBAN network in terms of increment in delay, high packets loss, reduction in throughput and packet deliver ratio (PDR). The crucial concerns in WBAN are prevention from the loss of critical data and longer delay in the network as they could result to late delivery of medical treatment and possibility of the increase in mortality. Therefore, this study proposes a mechanism to alleviate the congestion from happening in the first place through discarding the corrupted packets before the beginning of data transmission to the base station. Extensive simulations are done in OMNeT+ to analyze the performance of the proposed mechanism by varying traffic from low to high under different number of nodes and constant Bit Error Rate (BER) and packet size. From the finding, it can be concluded that the proposed mechanism shows better performances in terms of low delay and packet loss as well as high throughput and PDR compared to typical WBAN.
Volume: 14
Issue: 2
Page: 581-587
Publish at: 2019-05-01

An architecture of 5G based on SDN NV wireless network

10.11591/ijeecs.v14.i2.pp725-734
Abeer .A. Z. Ibrahim , Fazirulhisyam Hashim
The unexpected increase demand growth of broadband traffic, rapid advancement in networking and internet technology led to the growth in Internet-connected devices to sensor networks, and machine type communication devices. These increases bring more challenges in network capacity and connectivity. The use of the new 5G technology continues to address these challenges by providing high data rates, low latency, and more mobility with highly and densified HetNe deploment. This densified network brings new challenges to service provisioning in future networks based on the recent network paradigm innovations, Network Virtualization and Software Defined Networking to cope with massive broadband connectivity and enhancement of capacity, flexibility, and scalability. This study sets out to present the key features and requirements for 5G HetNet, SDN and NFV.  The results of this study generally justify the challenges and how to integrate them into future wireless networks through a proposed 5G-based SDN-NV wireless network architecture to enable best network performance and resource management.
Volume: 14
Issue: 2
Page: 725-734
Publish at: 2019-05-01

Design and implementation of AMBA bridge protocol in system on chip design

10.11591/ijeecs.v14.i2.pp788-795
Wang Hang Suan , Asral Bahari Jambek , Mohd Nazrin Bin Md Isa , Azizi bin Harun , Shaiful Nizam Bin Mohyar , Zulfiqar Ali Bin Abd. Aziz
The Advanced Microcontroller Bus Architecture (AMBA) is widely used in modern technology device. The design of bridge in the system is due to increase demand of power consumption and functionality. The bridge help to reduce power by separate the system into high bandwidth and low bandwidth. The goal of this paper is to design and implement the AMBA bridge into a SoC design which consists of a processor, RAM, ROM, watchdog and LED module. These peripherals are connected separately based on different bandwidth with a bridge as the medium. The result shown the bridge transfer a correct data from the ROM into the RAM. The experiment was carry out using Synopsys 2017 and Keil uVision.
Volume: 14
Issue: 2
Page: 788-795
Publish at: 2019-05-01

FPGA-based embedded architecture for IoT home automation application

10.11591/ijeecs.v14.i2.pp646-652
Chee-Pun Ooi , Wooi-Haw Tan , Soon-Nyean Cheong , Yee-Lien Lee , V. M. Baskaran , Yeong-Liang Low
An Internet of Things (IoT) FPGA-based home hub to automate control operations in a home environment was designed and built. The proposed system uses an FPGA home hub as its local analytic engine with an IoT platform to store the sensory data. The FPGA was programmed in Verilog HDL using Quartus II provided by Altera. The WiFi capability of the FPGA was extended through an ESP8266 chip to ease the interfacing with various sensors connected to it. The system can be configured and monitored through a web application coded in JavaScript. Various test cases were carried out on the implemented system at Multimedia University (MMU) Digital Home Lab. The results verified the functionality of the system in triggering real home appliances (i.e. air conditioning unit and lighting) based on multiple sensor nodes without conflicting each other. The ability to allow user to configure the control rules based on the sensory data via web interface hosted using ThingSpeak Plugins is also presented and demonstrated in this project. The base design is utilizing Altera Cyclone IV EP4CE22F17C6N FPGA with 153 I/O pins, which is highly scalable and adaptable to the requirements of home environments. This shows promising application of FPGA in supporting scalable IoT home automation system.
Volume: 14
Issue: 2
Page: 646-652
Publish at: 2019-05-01

Enhancement of optical code division multiple access system based on 2D ZCC/MD spectral/spatial code

10.11591/ijeecs.v14.i2.pp661-667
Rima Matem , S. A. Aljunid , M. N Junita , C. B. M Rashidi , Israa Shihab Aqrab
The combination of 1D zero cross correlation (ZCC) and 1D Multi Diagonal (MD) results a new two dimensional hybrid called 2D ZCC/MD code for spectral/spatial OCDMA system. The proposed code aims to enhance the functional qualities of Optical Code Division Multiple Access (OCDMA) and to overcome the limitations of one dimensional codes. In this paper,   2D ZCC/MD is evaluated at data rate; 622Mbps.  A comparison of the proposed 2D ZCC/MD code to 1D Random Diagonal (RD) and 1D Modified Double Weight (MDW) highlight that 2D ZCC/MD  can support  a large number of active  users even at the higher user bit rate. Furthermore, in term of effective power 2D ZCC/MD can achieve lower effective power.
Volume: 14
Issue: 2
Page: 661-667
Publish at: 2019-05-01

Low voltage CMOS power amplifier with integrated analog pre-distorter for BLE 4.0 application

10.11591/ijeecs.v14.i2.pp895-902
Selvakumar Mariappan , Jagadheswaran Rajendran , Norlaili Mohd Noh , Harikrishnan Ramiah , Asrulnizam Abd Manaf , Shukri Korakkottil Kunhi Mohd , Yusman Mohd. Yusof
In this paper, a low power consumption linear power amplifier (PA) for Bluetooth Low Energy (BLE) application is presented. An analogue pre-distorter (APD) is integrated to the PA. The APD consist of an active inductor, driver amplifier, and a RC phase linearizer. The PA delivers more than 12dB power gain from 2.4GHz to 2.5GHz. At the center frequency of 2.45GHz, the gain of the PA is 13dB with PAE of 26.7% and maximum output power of 14dBm. The corresponding OIP3 is 27.6dBm. The supply voltage headroom of this PA is 1.8V. The propose APD serves to be a solution to improve the linearity of the PA with minimum trade-off to the power consumption.
Volume: 14
Issue: 2
Page: 895-902
Publish at: 2019-05-01

Optimum reactive power to improve power factor in industry using genetic algortihm

10.11591/ijeecs.v14.i2.pp751-757
Ahmad Yani , Junaidi Junaidi , M. Irwanto , A. H. Haziah
Capacitor bank is a collection of power tools in the form of a capacitor that serves as a tool that can reduce or improve reactive power into the power grid. The load on the electricity network in general is an inductive load. If the average power factor (cos ϴ) is less than 0.85, the State Electricity Company will provide the reactive power in KVAR fines usage charges on customers. An effort should be done to reduce the reactive power. An installation of bank capacitor is suitable to be implemented in an industry AC loads. It will reduce the reactive power and improve the power factor. In the case of 380 V, 50 Hz, 500 kW AC loads are improved the power factor from 0.7 to 0.93 using genetic algorithm, thus the AC loads current and reactive power will be decreased. It is suitable that the AC loads current is inversely proportional to the power factor, and the reactive power is proportional to the AC loads current.
Volume: 14
Issue: 2
Page: 751-757
Publish at: 2019-05-01

Development of non-occlusive blood pressure monitor with height correction for home used application

10.11591/ijeecs.v14.i2.pp921-928
Agung W. Setiawan , Nur A. Heryanto , Fadel M. Putra , Febri Suyitno , M. Andre Martin , Yana S. Raharja
Non-occlusive blood pressure measurement method is developed to avoid the use of discontinuous and uncomfortable cuff-based methods. In this research, Pulse Transit Time (PTT) and Photoplethysmogram Intensity Ratio (PIR) is used to measure blood pressure. Two photoplethysmogram (PPG) sensors that are placed on the wrist and one of the finger joints both on the left hand is used to get the PTT and PIR. The name of the device is ARTSEN. During measurement, there is a measurement error caused by the hydrostatic effect when the device position is not inline with the heart. To minimize this error, this research proposes an automatic continuous blood pressure monitor. The device will conduct measurement only when the height of the device is inline with the heart. Accelerometer and gyroscope are used to detect the height of the device. There are 30 subjects that are involved in this research. To evaluate the performance of the device, there are two measurement conditions, during lying in the bed and sit down position. The blood pressure measurement is conducted using ARTSEN and sphygmomanometer (as the gold standard of blood pressure measurement). The average error of systolic blood pressure is 8 mmHg with standard deviation 5 mmHg, and average error of diastolic blood pressure is 8 mmHg with standard deviation 4 mmHg.
Volume: 14
Issue: 2
Page: 921-928
Publish at: 2019-05-01
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