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31,377 Article Results

Development of non-occlusive blood pressure monitor with height correction for home used application

10.11591/ijeecs.v14.i2.pp921-928
Agung W. Setiawan , Nur A. Heryanto , Fadel M. Putra , Febri Suyitno , M. Andre Martin , Yana S. Raharja
Non-occlusive blood pressure measurement method is developed to avoid the use of discontinuous and uncomfortable cuff-based methods. In this research, Pulse Transit Time (PTT) and Photoplethysmogram Intensity Ratio (PIR) is used to measure blood pressure. Two photoplethysmogram (PPG) sensors that are placed on the wrist and one of the finger joints both on the left hand is used to get the PTT and PIR. The name of the device is ARTSEN. During measurement, there is a measurement error caused by the hydrostatic effect when the device position is not inline with the heart. To minimize this error, this research proposes an automatic continuous blood pressure monitor. The device will conduct measurement only when the height of the device is inline with the heart. Accelerometer and gyroscope are used to detect the height of the device. There are 30 subjects that are involved in this research. To evaluate the performance of the device, there are two measurement conditions, during lying in the bed and sit down position. The blood pressure measurement is conducted using ARTSEN and sphygmomanometer (as the gold standard of blood pressure measurement). The average error of systolic blood pressure is 8 mmHg with standard deviation 5 mmHg, and average error of diastolic blood pressure is 8 mmHg with standard deviation 4 mmHg.
Volume: 14
Issue: 2
Page: 921-928
Publish at: 2019-05-01

Gateway sink placement for sensor node grid distribution in lora smart city networks

10.11591/ijeecs.v14.i2.pp834-842
Nur Aishah Bt. Zainal , Mohamed Hadi Habaebi , Israth Jahan Chowdhury , Md Rafiqul Islam , Jamal I. Daoud
Low Power Wide Area Network (LPWAN) is a type of wireless communication network designed to allow long range communications at a low bit rate among things (connected objects), such as sensors operated on a battery. It is a new technology that operates in unauthorized spectrum which designed for wireless data communication [1]. It is used in Internet of Thing (IoT) applications and M2M communications. It provides multi-year battery lifetime and is intended for sensors and applications that need to transmit only a few information over long distances a few times per hour from different environments. In order to have an insight of such long range technology, this paper evaluates the performance of LoRa radio links under shadowing effect and realistic smart city utilities node grid distribution. Such environment is synonymous to residential, industrial and modern urban centers. The focus is to include the effect of shadowing on the radio links while attempting to study the optimum sink node numbers and their locations for maximum sensor node connectivity. Results indicate that the usual unrealistic random node distribution does not reflect actual real-life scenario where many of the these sensing nodes follow the utilities infrastructure around the city (e.g., street light posts, water and gas delivery pipes,…etc). The system is evaluated in terms of connectivity and packet loss ratio.
Volume: 14
Issue: 2
Page: 834-842
Publish at: 2019-05-01

Characterization of a low consumption wireless sensor node for the intensive transmission of physiological signals

10.11591/ijeecs.v14.i2.pp957-965
Ricardo Yauri , Santiago Rubiños , Juan Grados , Mario Chauca
This paper describes the development and implementation of low power consumption wireless sensor nodes for the periodic monitoring of physiological signals with intensive data transmission, using Wi-Fi and ZigBee wireless communication modules, obtaining operation characteristics from the energy point of view that allow to increase the life time of the sensor node. The sensor nodes are designed and built using low energy consumption electronic devices to evaluate their energy performance using current data, transmission time, data transmission period and the relationship with the sensor node's lifetime when transmitting electrocardiographic (ECG), temperature and pulse type physiological signals. The development of this work generates recommendations for the design, development and construction of sensor nodes where the energy consumption of the wireless communication modules is evaluated. In this way, results are obtained that can allow the data transmission period, current consumption and size of data sent to be related to the operating time, defining the operating conditions and wireless technologies that allow the optimization of energy consumption when data is sent to Internet monitoring applications.
Volume: 14
Issue: 2
Page: 957-965
Publish at: 2019-05-01

Directional cloverleaf antenna for unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) application

10.11591/ijeecs.v14.i2.pp773-779
M.S. Safaron , H.A. Majid , B.A.F. Esmail , A.S.Ab. Ghafar , F.A. Safarudin , M.F. Ismail , F. Zubir , M.A. Abdullah
3-blade and 4-blade cloverleaf antennas operating at 2.45 GHz have been proposed. In order to achieve directional radiation pattern and high gain, reflector is incorporated to the proposed antennas. The proposed antennas have an average gain of 2.37 dBi while the proposed antennas with reflector have an average gain of 6.38 dBi. The dimension of the proposed antenna is compact enough to be mounted on an unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV). Simulated and measured results are used to demonstrate the performance of the antenna. The simulated and measured return losses, together with the simulated radiation patterns, are presented and compared.
Volume: 14
Issue: 2
Page: 773-779
Publish at: 2019-05-01

Analysis using multiple free space optic channel with amplification to mitigate haze attenuation

10.11591/ijeecs.v14.i2.pp546-554
A.A. Anis , C.B.M. Rashidi , S.A. Aljunid
Weather severity has unfavorable effect on FSO transmission performance. The impact could result in poor quality of transmission and communication failure. This paper presents the analysis using multiple free space optic channels with amplification to mitigate haze attenuation. The visibility is progressively reduced due to the attenuation effects, causing the bit error rate to increase. Three designs of FSO system are proposed in this research as they are simulated and analysed thoroughly using Optisys software. The achieved result shows improved performance for Design 3, as the minimum BER achieved is 10-127 when the power received is -26 dBm, and maximum Q-factor of 23.6 at the aperture diameter of 40 cm. It is proved to improve the system efficiently in low visibility condition compared to Design 1 and Design 2. It clearly has shown the superior capabilities of Design 3 to intercept and mitigate the atmospheric attenuation in haze condition as the power loss during transmission also reduced significantly.
Volume: 14
Issue: 2
Page: 546-554
Publish at: 2019-05-01

Characterization of cracking in pavement distress using image processing techniques and k-Nearest neighbour

10.11591/ijeecs.v14.i2.pp810-818
A. Ibrahim , M.K. Osman , N.A.M. Yusof , K.A. Ahmad , N.H. Harun , R.A.A. Raof
This study presents characterization of cracking in pavement distress using image processing techniques and k-nearest neighbour (kNN) classifier. The proposed semi-automated detection system for characterization on pavement distress anticipated to minimize the human supervision from traditional surveys and reduces cost of maintenance of pavement distress. The system consists of 4 stages which are image acquisition, image processing, feature extraction and classification. Firstly, a tool for image acquisition, consisting of digital camera, camera holder and tripod, is developed to capture images of pavement distress. Secondly, image processing techniques such as image thresholding, median filter, image erosion and image filling are applied. Thirdly, two features that represent the length of pavement cracking in x and y coordinate system namely delta_x and delta_y are computed. Finally, the computed features is fed to a kNN classifier to build its committee and further used to classify the pavement cracking into two types; transverse and longitudinal cracking. The performance of kNN classifier in classifying the type of pavement cracking is also compared with a modified version of kNN called fuzzy kNN classifier. Based on the results from images analysis, the semi-automated image processing system is able to consistently characterize the crack pattern with accuracy up to 90%. The comparison of analysed data with field data shows good agreement in the pavement distress characterization. Thus the encouraging results of semi-automated image analysis system will be useful for developing a more efficient road maintenance process.
Volume: 14
Issue: 2
Page: 810-818
Publish at: 2019-05-01

Highly sensitive frequency selective surface for structural health monitoring system

10.11591/ijeecs.v14.i2.pp523-528
S. A. Suhaimi , S. N. Azemi , P. J. Soh , C.B.M. Rashidi , A Abdullah Al-Hadi
This paper is introduced a passive sensor to detect the performance of the structure using three-dimensional (3D) Frequency Selective Surfaces (FSS). The proposed 3D Circular FSS results are proved behave as passive sensor with changing of sensitivity incident angles to be apply in Structural Health Monitoring (SHM) system. Moreover, this 3D Circular FSS capable to operate without stand to any (DC/AC) power and very low cost in term of installation and maintenance.
Volume: 14
Issue: 2
Page: 523-528
Publish at: 2019-05-01

Analysis and design of directive antenna using frequency selective surface superstrate

10.11591/ijeecs.v14.i2.pp529-536
Siti Rohani Tajuddin , S. N. Azemi , P. J. Soh , C.B.M. Rashidi , A Abdullah Al-Hadi
The design of directive antenna using Frequency Selective Surface (FSS) superstrate is proposed in this project. The suitable design FSS as superstrate layer is very important to enhance the high directivity and narrow bandwidth on the antenna. By using the FSS layer to design the superstrate layer, there are able to determine the reflection coefficient accordingly to the desired frequency.
Volume: 14
Issue: 2
Page: 529-536
Publish at: 2019-05-01

FSS on energy saving glass for rf communication enhancement in modern building

10.11591/ijeecs.v14.i2.pp537-545
Najihah Zakaria , S. N. Azemi , P. J. Soh , C.B.M. Rashidi , A Abdullah Al-Hadi
The use of energy saving glass has become very popular in the modern day building design. This energy saving property is achieved by applying a very thin tin oxide (SnO2) coating on one side of the glass. This coating can provide good thermal insulation to the buildings by blocking infrared rays while being transparent to visible part of the spectrum. Drawbacks of these energy saving windows is that it also attenuates the transmission of useful microwave signals through them. These signals fall within the frequency band of 0.8GHz to 2.2GHz. In order to pass these signals through the coated glass, the use of aperture type frequency selective surface (FSS) has being proposed. In the present work, SnO2 thin film with FSS structure was fabricated. Microwave transmission through SnO2 coated glass with FSS structure was also analyzed using network analyzer. The result of computer simulation was confirmed and consistent with the network analyzer results that showed the improvement of SnO2 coated glass with the FSS structure.
Volume: 14
Issue: 2
Page: 537-545
Publish at: 2019-05-01

Performances analysis of reducing router in ring and mesh topology for network-on-chip (NoC) architecture

10.11591/ijeecs.v14.i2.pp802-809
Ng Yen Phing , M.N.Mohd Warip , Phaklen Ehkan , R Badlishah Ahmad , F.W. Zulkefli
The size of the transistor has reached physical processor limitation in particular for traditional bus-based and point-to-point architecture in system-on-chip (SoC). Therefore, network-on-chip (NoC) was proposed as a solution. The performances required for the optimization of the NoC are low network latency, low power consumption, small area, and high throughput. However, recently the size of the NoC architecture has increased and the communication between cores to core become complicated. To overcome this disadvantages, topology plays an important role. In this paper, we reduce the number of the router in the 16 cores and 64 cores ring and mesh topologies by connected more numbers of node in each router. Result shows that reducing the number of the router in 64 cores ring topology outperforms the conventional topologies in term of area, power consumption, latency, and accepted packet rate. Reducing router in 64 cores ring topology decrease the average area, power consumption, latency, and increase the average accepted packet rate by 160.45%, 23.88%, 54.76%, and 223.88% over the 64 cores mesh, reducing router in mesh, ring, and cross-link mesh topologies.
Volume: 14
Issue: 2
Page: 802-809
Publish at: 2019-05-01

Design of low power 8-bit gate-diffusion input (GDI) full adder using variable body bias (VBB) technique in 90nm technology

10.11591/ijeecs.v14.i2.pp912-920
Woo Wei Kai , Nabihah Ahmad , Mohamad Hairol Jabbar
In digital system, the full adders are fundamental circuits that are used for arithmetic operations. Adder operation can be used to implement and perform calculation of the multipliers, subtraction, comparators, and address operation in an Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU). The subthreshold leakage current increasing as proportional with the scaling down of oxide thickness and transistor in short channel sizes. In this paper, a Gate-diffusion Input (GDI) circuit design technique allow minimization the number of transistor while maintaining low complexity of logic design and low power realization of Variable Body Biasing (VBB) technique to reduce the static power consumption. The Silterra 90nm process design kit (PDK) was used to design 8-bit full adder with VBB technique in full custom methodology by using Synopsys Electronic Design Automation (EDA) tools. The simulation of 8-bit full adder was compared within a conventional bias technique and VBB technique with operating voltage of  supply. The result showed the reduction of VBB technique in term of peak power,  and average power,   compare with conventional bias technique. Moreover, the Power Delay Product (PDP) showed 1.29pJ in VBB technique compare with conventional bias mode 1.67pJ. The area size of 8-Bit full adder was 10μm×23μm.
Volume: 14
Issue: 2
Page: 912-920
Publish at: 2019-05-01

An enhanced distributed control-theoretic time synchronization protocol using sliding mode control for wireless sensor and actuator network

10.11591/ijeecs.v14.i2.pp688-696
Yeong Chin Koo , Muhammad Nasiruddin Mahyuddin
Time synchronization is very important in a wireless sensor and actuator network (WSAN) as it provides a common time notation to the WSAN. To handle the time synchronization issue, this paper presented an enhanced distributed control-theoretic time synchronization protocol for wireless sensor and actuator networks, named Time Synchronization using Distributed Observer algorithm with Sliding mode control element (TSDOS). In this protocol, an augmented sliding mode control element is used for robustification purpose.  From the theoretical convergence analysis and simulation results presented in this paper, it proved that the proposed TSDOS is the best if compared to another two algorithms from the literature in terms of cumulative integral absolute error.
Volume: 14
Issue: 2
Page: 688-696
Publish at: 2019-05-01

Vacant parking space identification using probabilistic neural network

10.11591/ijeecs.v14.i2.pp887-894
Romi Fadillah Rahmat , Sarah Purnamawati , Joko Kurnianto , Sharfina Faza , Muhammad Fermi Pasha
The need for public parking space is increasing nowadays due to the high number of cars available.  Users of car parking services, in general, are still looking for vacant parking locations to park their vehicle manually. With the current technological developments, especially in image processing field, it is expected to solve the parking space problem. Therefore, this research implements image processing to determine the location of vacant parking space or occupied ones that run in real-time. In this study, the proposed method is divided into five stages. The first stage is image acquisition to capture the image of parking location. Then it continues to pre-processing stage which consists of the process of saturation, grayscale and thresholding. The third stage is image segmentation to cut the image into five parts. The next stage is feature extraction using invariant moment, and the last stage would be identification process to determine the location of vacant parking spaces or occupied ones. The results of this research using 100 test images generates an accuracy, recall, and precision of 94%.
Volume: 14
Issue: 2
Page: 887-894
Publish at: 2019-05-01

FPGA-based architecture of hybrid multilayered perceptron neural network

10.11591/ijeecs.v14.i2.pp949-956
Lee Yee Ann , P. Ehkan , M. Y. Mashor , S. M. Sharun
The HMLP is an ANN similar to the MLP, but with extra weighted connections that connect the input nodes directly to the output nodes. The architecture of the HMLP neural network for implementation on FPGA is proposed. The HMLP architecture is designed to be concurrent to demonstrate the parallel nature of the HMLP where each hidden or output node within the same hidden or output layer of the HMLP can calculate its output independently. The HMLP architecture is designed to be modular as well, such that if modification to a module is necessary, only the specific module need to be modified and all other modules can be retained. This modularity will be especially helpful when different activation function is to be swapped in to replace current activation function. All calculations in the HMLP are performed in floating-point arithmetic. The HMLP architecture is compiled, simulated and finally implemented on the Cyclone V FPGA of DE1-SoC board. The simulation outcome and FPGA outputs showed that the developed HMLP architecture is able to calculate correct output values for all test datasets.
Volume: 14
Issue: 2
Page: 949-956
Publish at: 2019-05-01

Implementation of a camera system using nios II on the altera DE2-70 board

10.11591/ijeecs.v14.i2.pp513-522
Chan Boon Cheng , Asral Bahari Jambek
The implementation of a camera system with a field programmable gate array (FPGA) is an important step within research towards constructing a video processing architecture design based on FPGA. This paper presents the design and implementation of a camera system using the Nios II soft-core embedded processor from Altera. The proposed camera system is a flexible platform for the implementation of other systems such as image processing and video processing. The system architecture is designed using the Quartus II SOPC Builder System and implemented on an Altera DE2-70 development platform. The image or video is captured using a Terasic TRDB-D5M camera and stored into two different synchronous dynamic random access memories (SDRAM) using an SDRAM Controller. The specifications of the Terasic TRDB-D5M and SDRAM are examined to confirm that the recorded and stored data match. The results of this experiment show that the system is able to record and store data correctly into SDRAM. The data in the SDRAM correctly displays the recorded image on a VGA monitor.
Volume: 14
Issue: 2
Page: 513-522
Publish at: 2019-05-01
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