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Interests of Gen Zs in rural communities: insights to strengthen the delivery of the Philippine PATH-Fit program

10.11591/ijere.v14i4.33515
Jr., Ruben L. Tagare , Jomar B. Esto , Desiree Ann C. Tenebroso , Jeahr E. Inabangan , William R. Pregunta , Erika P. Acera , Jan Lincoln C. Rivas , Claribel P. Avila , Pink Floyd M. Boyles
This study investigated the local interests of Generation Z (Gen Z) students in rural communities to strengthen the delivery of the Philippine physical activity towards health and fitness (PATH-Fit) program. Using a qualitative-ethnographic approach, insights were gathered from 20 carefully selected Gen Z students through open-ended questions validated by experts. The findings revealed seven key areas of interest: i) social media, videos, and the internet; ii) something profitable; iii) e-games; iv) sports and physical activities; v) going out and exploring; vi) church, reflection, and music; and vii) rest and sleep. This study concludes that the local interests of Gen Z students in rural communities paint a comprehensive picture of a generation adeptly balancing the digital and physical realms of their lives. From the appeal of social media, online ventures, and e-games to the grounding effects of sports, nature exploration, and spiritual practices, these students demonstrate a flexible approach to well-being and personal growth. Their focus on profitable online activities reflects a pragmatic response to economic challenges, while their commitment to physical activities and outdoor exploration underscores the importance of maintaining a healthy lifestyle. Their emphasis on church, reflection, music, rest, and sleep also highlights a holistic understanding of mental and emotional health. Together, these interests reveal a resourceful, adaptive generation that is deeply aware of the need for balance in an increasingly complex world.
Volume: 14
Issue: 4
Page: 3260-3272
Publish at: 2025-08-01

Understanding e-book acceptance from a resource-based view perspective: an analysis among students at UiTM Melaka

10.11591/ijere.v14i4.32111
Zulkefli Muhamad Hanapiyah , Ahmad Fadhly Arham , Muhammad Syukri Abdullah , Muhammad Fairuz Jamil , Nor Sabrena Norizan , Wei-Loon Koe
The COVID-19 pandemic led to a shift in the Malaysian education system from traditional face-to-face teaching to online and open distance learning (ODL). This transition has impacted students, lecturers, and universities. E-books are one technology that supports online learning at the university level. This study aims to investigate the factors influencing e-book acceptance among students. Using quantitative research, a questionnaire was administered to 171 students at Universiti Teknologi MARA (UiTM), Melaka Campus, who are enrolled in strategic management course. The findings reveal a significant impact of course content, instructors, and university support on e-book acceptance. However, there was no significant effect observed for access ability, computer competency and infrastructure. These insights are crucial for universities to plan and implement e-books effectively for their students. As the study is specific to UiTM Melaka Campus, it is recommended that future research encompasses both public and private universities for a more comprehensive understanding.
Volume: 14
Issue: 4
Page: 2742-2748
Publish at: 2025-08-01

Integrating artificial bee colony and cauchy algorithms for distribution network reconfiguration with soft open points

10.12928/telkomnika.v23i4.26129
Nguyen; Electric Power University Tung Linh , Nguyen; Electric Power University Quynh Anh
Reconfiguring the distribution network by selecting open switch states is an effective approach to reduce power losses in the system. However, with the rise of distributed energy resources such as photovoltaic and wind turbines and dynamic loads such as electric vehicles, which introduce uncertainties, it has become necessary to integrate standard operating procedures (SOPs) to better control power flows. This study proposes an algorithm that combines the artificial bee colony (ABC) and Cauchy opposition-based learning (OBL) algorithms to solve the optimization problem of determining both the location and capacity of SOPs, alongside reconfiguring the distribution network. The primary objective is to minimize power losses while improving power quality and system reliability. The proposed methodology was validated on the IEEE 33-node and 69-node distribution networks under seven varied operational scenarios, evaluating outcomes both with and without the integration of SOPs. The findings demonstrate that installing SOPs optimally reduces power losses, enhances system reliability, and maintains voltage levels within acceptable limits. The integration of the two algorithms also accelerates the convergence process, increasing computational speed and avoiding local optimization issues. When compared with other methods, the proposed algorithm delivers similar performance but with faster computation times and fewer iterations, making it more efficient and reliable.
Volume: 23
Issue: 4
Page: 1069-1083
Publish at: 2025-08-01

Exploring school resilience in the context of globalizing digital change: the impact on teacher management

10.11591/ijere.v14i4.29697
Asma Khaleel Abdallah , Guzalia Shagivaleeva , Elena Kolomoets
Administrators in educational institutions will need to implement smart and well-designed changes in teacher management to mitigate the negative effects. Using teacher resilience as an example, the study seeks to assess the level of resilience in schools and analyze its effects on teacher management. The study includes 197 teachers from 31 Russian schools in Kazan, Elabuga, Moscow, and Yekaterinburg, and 100 foreign teachers working in United Arab Emirates. The research design was descriptive transactional and based on a questionnaire. The study yielded the following findings: i) 89.4% of teachers have a high level of stress, 94.2% have a high level of worry, 92.3% have a high level of anxiety, 33.8% have a low level of resilience, and 95.7% were in a difficult emotional state and ii) the inquiry-based stress reduction (IBSR) practice had a positive effect on increasing teacher resilience. This indicated that implementing such changes in teacher management might be successful in boosting teacher resilience, which would affect school resilience generally. Educational researchers have confirmed the effectiveness of the IBSR tool in boosting teacher resiliency, and the results of this study can aid school administrators in developing new management models utilizing this tool.
Volume: 14
Issue: 4
Page: 3078-3088
Publish at: 2025-08-01

A compact five-band patch antenna covering WLAN, WiMAX, X, and Ku-bands

10.12928/telkomnika.v23i4.27017
Suthasinee; Rajamangala University of Technology Isan Khonkaen Campus Lamultree , Wutthipong; Rajamangala University of Technology Isan Khonkaen Campus Thanamalapong , Kanawat; Rajamangala University of Technology Isan Khonkaen Campus Nuangwongsa , Charinsak; Rajamangala University of Technology Isan Khonkaen Campus Saetiaw
This paper introduces a compact, low-profile, five-band antenna for wireless communication systems operating across 2.4/5 GHz WLAN, 3.5 GHz WiMax, and 7.5 GHz X- and Ku-band frequencies. The proposed antenna utilizes a novel configuration with a dual-overlapping rectangular patch coupled to a wide circular slot and an inverted L-shaped strip. Fabricated on a single-layer FR4 substrate (εr=4.3, thickness=1.6 mm), the antenna employs a 50-ohm coplanar waveguide feed, resulting in a compact footprint of 40×40×1.6 mm³. Experimental measurements and simulations demonstrate a bidirectional radiation pattern covering five distinct frequency bands: 2.4-2.485 GHz, 3.4-3.6 GHz, 5.15-5.825 GHz, 7.25-8.4 GHz, and 13.4-17.7 GHz. The antenna exhibits a return loss better than 10 dB across all bands and provides average gains of 1.78 dBi, 3.04 dBi, 3.4 dBi, 4.27 dBi, and 4.46 dBi, respectively. These results confirm the successful development of a five-band antenna with excellent performance characteristics, making it a promising candidate for 2.4/5 GHz WLAN, WiMax, and X- and Ku-band satellite communications, with automotive vehicles being one example.
Volume: 23
Issue: 4
Page: 906-917
Publish at: 2025-08-01

Developing a robust data integrity verification framework for cloud storage utilizing Boneh-Lynn-Shacham signatures

10.12928/telkomnika.v23i4.26709
Raed; Northern Technical University Abdulkareem Hasan , Mustafa; Imam Aadham University College M. Akawee , Enas; Northern Technical University Faek Aziz , Omar A.; Collage/Fallujah University Hammood , Tole; Universitas Ahmad Dahlan Sutikno
Cloud computing (CC) is a service that allows both data storage and data accessibility on the cloud through any on-demand service and application, without incurring the costs of local data storage and upkeep expenses. On the other hand, CC providers have to make sure good security among the consumers to inspire them to use the resources on the cloud as if it were their local storage, without bothering about the data quality. Therefore, data checking in the cloud gains much importance mostly at the demand of the customers for the data integrity that a third-party auditor (TPA) can be introduced to verify the data soundness. A present investigation introduced a secure and efficient auditing solution for cloud data under the Boneh-Lynn-Shacham (BLS) public identities to keep the information secure and at the same time perform auditing securely. this study restructured the public key equation with the signature equation in our proposed system so that there is an increment in complexity while quality execution speed is maintained, and the proposed system allows dynamic data processing in terms of insert, delete and modification. From the analysis of the system, which includes security and performance, the proposed system is very effective and safe.
Volume: 23
Issue: 4
Page: 1097-1107
Publish at: 2025-08-01

Optimizing signal conversion in uniform FBGs with InGaAs photodetectors for medical sensors

10.12928/telkomnika.v23i4.26164
Tengku; Universitas Riau Emrinaldi , Bambang; National Research and Innovation Agency, KST BJ HABIBIE Widiyatmoko , Bunga; Universitas Riau Meyzia , Sumiaty; Universiti Teknologi Malaysia Ambran , Saktioto; Universitas Riau Saktioto , Mohamad; National Research and Innovation Agency, KST BJ HABIBIE Syahadi , Agitta; National Research and Innovation Agency, KST BJ HABIBIE Rianaris , Dwi; National Research and Innovation Agency, KST BJ HABIBIE Hanto
This study experimentally interrogates the spectral response of uniform fiber Bragg gratings (FBGs) with varying reflectivity levels of 30%, 50%, 70%, and 90% under controlled environmental stimuli. The objective is to elucidate the influence of reflectivity on the wavelength shift behavior of FBGs and to inform the optimal interrogation of these elements with indium gallium arsenide (InGaAs) photodetectors in high-performance sensing systems. Utilizing high-precision measurement procedures and specialized instrumentation, the experiments revealed that the magnitude and pattern of wavelength shifts are significantly influenced by FBG reflectivity. Specifically, lower reflectivity enhances sensitivity, while higher reflectivity contributes to greater spectral stability. These findings highlight the critical role of reflectivity in shaping the spectral modulation characteristics of FBGs, establishing a critical theoretical framework for precision optical sensor systems. The outcomes give significant contributions to the design and calibration of FBG-based sensors, particularly biomedical applications where precision and responsiveness are paramount.
Volume: 23
Issue: 4
Page: 1058-1068
Publish at: 2025-08-01

Energy analysis and comparative study of n-wheel graphs in hierarchical wireless sensor network architectures

10.12928/telkomnika.v23i4.26499
Jerlinkasmir; Karunya Institute of Technology and Sciences Rubancharles , Naseema Valiyaveettil; KMEA Engineering college Abdul Lathief , Veninstine; Karunya Institute of Technology and Sciences Vivik Joseph
The energy analysis of the newly introduced n-wheel graph, employs diverse matrix representations such as the adjacency matrix, Laplacian matrix, and maximum degree matrix. This novel graph model resembles a hierarchical wireless sensor network (WSN), with a central hub serving as the communication center. The graph is organized into cycles, reflecting tiers of devices or sensors, with the hub managing wireless communication across these tiers. Through comparative analysis of energy variations, particularly focusing on ordinary energy, Laplacian energy, and maximum degree energy, offers a deeper understanding on the potential benefits of the n-wheel graph model, guiding future research and practical applications in the design of advanced hierarchical network structures.
Volume: 23
Issue: 4
Page: 932-942
Publish at: 2025-08-01

High-speed dividing device with the formation of quotient and remainder

10.12928/telkomnika.v23i4.26306
Yevgeniya; Satbayev University Aitkhozhayeva , Khalicha; Satbayev University Yubuzova
Considered the possibility of accelerating the time-critical operation of division for multi-bit integers. This problem is significant since, so multi-bit integers are widely used in specialized devices, including cryptographic transformations. A method for high-speed quotient and remainder determination with optimal hardware costs is proposed. A preliminary increase in the divisor and its subsequent decrease by shifting it to the right are used. A structural diagram and functional diagram of the hardware implementation have been developed using high-speed combinational logic circuits. The device’s principle of operation, its step-by-step process, and specific examples illustrating its correct operation and resource efficiency are addressed. On average, it takes (k/2+1) clock cycles to obtain the result, where (k+1) bit capacity of the quotient. In most division schemes with optimal hardware costs, the number of clock cycles required to obtain the quotient (without remainder) is (k+1). High-speed division with simultaneous determination of several quotient bits requires (m/p) clock cycles for the division operation, where p- the number of simultaneously determined quotient bits, m-bit capacity of dividend. However, this approach will require additional hardware. The research will continue by modeling the device in Vivado Design Suite computer aided design (CAD) based on Artix-7 field programmable gate array (FPGA) from Xilinx.
Volume: 23
Issue: 4
Page: 943-953
Publish at: 2025-08-01

Design of a concurrent tri-band LNA based on composite right/left-handed transmission line resonators

10.12928/telkomnika.v23i4.26816
Faycal; Moulay Ismail University El Hardouzi , Mohammed; Moulay Ismail University Lahsaini , Mustapha; Moulay Ismail University Bahich , Badr; Moulay Ismail University Nasiri , Younes; Moulay Ismail University Achaoui
This article presents a three-band low noise amplifier (LNA) in microstrip technology based on composite right left handed transmmision line (CRLH TL) resonators for multi-band behavior, which has been designed to meet all the criteria that determine the quality of its operation. The transistor used is biased via a transmission line and matched by λ/4 transformer filters with CRLH-TL type resonators at the output to establish multiband behavior with improved band rejection to suppress unwanted frequencies and interference. The results demonstrate excellent performance at three frequencies: 900 MHz (15.03 dB gain), 2.1 GHz (13.58 dB gain), and 3.5 GHz (12.57 dB gain), with a noise figure below 2 dB and unconditional stability. The size of the proposed amplifier is 73×63 𝑚𝑚2 in area.
Volume: 23
Issue: 4
Page: 896-905
Publish at: 2025-08-01

A novel-shaped THz MIMO antenna with high bandwidth for advanced 6G wireless application

10.12928/telkomnika.v23i4.26559
Kamal Hossain; Daffodil International University Nahin , Jamal; Daffodil International University Hossain Nirob , Md. Ashraful; Daffodil International University Haque , Narinderjit Singh; INTI International University Sawaran Singh , Redwan Al Mahmud; Daffodil International University Bin Asad Ananta , Md. Kawsar; Daffodil International University Ahmed , Md. Sharif; Daffodil International University Ahammed , Liton; Pabna University of Science and Technology Chandra Paul
This article presents an industrial and innovation highly efficient drone shaped slotted graphene-based multiple input multiple output (MIMO) antenna with improved isolation, designed for high-speed short-range communication, video rate imaging, medical imaging, and explosive detection in the THz band. The proposed antenna is constructed on an 88×244 μm2 polyimide substrate. Key performance parameters such as reflection coefficient, gain, directivity, radiation pattern, and antenna efficiency are evaluated at the resonating frequencies of 1.7 THz, 3.35 THz, and 5.31 THz, covering a wide bandwidth of 4.88 THz with a reflection coefficient of less than -10 dB. The antenna achieves a maximum gain of 13.92 dB and a radiation efficiency of 95.77% within the resonating band. The MIMO design parameters include an envelope correlation coefficient (ECC) of 0.00015, a diversity gain (DG) of 9.9992, and an isolation of less than -31.55 dB between its elements across the entire bandwidth. The outcomes from CST simulations were verified by designing and simulating a similar resistance-inductance-capacitance (RLC) circuit in advanced design system (ADS), with both simulators producing comparable reflection coefficients. These features underscore the potential of the proposed antenna, utilizing simulations and an equivalent RLC circuit model, as a robust candidate for THz band applications in 6G wireless communication.
Volume: 23
Issue: 4
Page: 847-856
Publish at: 2025-08-01

Energy scavenging-aided NOMA uplink communications: performance analysis

10.12928/telkomnika.v23i4.26822
Huu; Industrial University of Ho Chi Minh City Q. Tran , Khuong; Ho Chi Minh City University of Technology (HCMUT) Ho-Van
Energy scavenging-aided nonorthogonal multiple access (NOMA) networks significantly ameliorate energy-and-spectral efficiencies thanks to superimposing a multitude of user signals for concurrent transmission and harvesting radio frequency energy. Practically, energy harvesters possess non-linear characteristic and their efficiency is enhanced considerably with deployment of multiple antennas. Moreover, communication reliability and harvested energy are directly influenced by wireless propagation which induces simultaneous effects of shadowing, path loss, and fading. Accordingly, the current paper assesses analytically outage probability and throughput of energy scavenging (ES)-aided NOMA uplink communications (eNOMAu) taking into account the above-addressed realistic factors (κ − µ shadowed fading, multi-antenna deployment, ES nonlinearity). The results reveal considerable performance degradation caused by ES non-linearity and wireless propagation. Additionally, desired system performance can be reached flexibly with appropriate specification selection. In addition, accreting a quantity of antennas drastically mitigates the outage probability of eNOMAu, which can be minimized with optimal ES time selection. Furthermore, the proposed eNOMAu is considerably superior to its eOMAu counterpart.
Volume: 23
Issue: 4
Page: 918-931
Publish at: 2025-08-01

Design of a soft circular patch antenna operating in the 60 GHz band for 5G/6G applications

10.12928/telkomnika.v23i4.26722
Salah-Eddine; Sidi Mohamed Ben Abdellah University Didi , Imane; LSEED Laboratory Halkhams , Abdelhafid; Sidi Mohamed Ben Abdellah University Es-Saqy , Mohammed; Sidi Mohamed Ben Abdellah University Fattah , Said; Sidi Mohamed Ben Abdellah University Mazer , Moulhime; Sidi Mohamed Ben Abdellah University El Bekkali
5G/6G technologies require higher-performance antennas in terms of bandwidth, gain, radiation, compact size, efficiency, and low cost. At the same time, fewer natural disturbances, such as rain and snow, and fewer non-natural disturbances. This is the challenge facing scientific research into antenna design and manufacture. In addition, in this paper we study and design a flexible circular microstrip patch antenna operating in the 60 GHz band for 5G/6G applications. This antenna is based on a biosourced substrate for industrial, scientific, and medical applications. For this study, we will use two techniques: one concerns the deformation of the ground plane deformation of the ground plane and substrate to improve the electrical performance of a proposed antenna. At the same time, the other is the parametric study of the appropriate position of a coaxial feed probe. This technique has the advantage of requiring no radiation contrition on the part of the coaxial probe. Next, specialized high-frequency structure simulator (HFSS) simulation software is used to design this antenna; it has a wide bandwidth above 3 GHz, a gain of 7.41 dB, a directivity of 7.53 dB, a radiated power of 13.55 dBm, an accepted power of 13.67 dBm, an incident power of 15.08 dBm, a radiation efficiency of 97.29 % and an efficiency of 98.4 %.
Volume: 23
Issue: 4
Page: 1120-1127
Publish at: 2025-08-01

Grid search vs Bayesian optimization for intensity scoring classification and channel recommendation prediction

10.12928/telkomnika.v23i4.26341
Kelly; Universitas Multimedia Nusantara Mae , Dinar; Universitas Multimedia Nusantara Ajeng Kristiyanti
Technological advancement has spurred financial technology growth, transforming traditional financial operations into digital. Peer-to-peer (P2P) lending is a key fintech solution offering online loans, though it struggles with repayment issues due to customer financial instability. To overcome these challenges, XYZ is a startup that focuses on enhancing the efficiency of collections and communication with customers. XYZ necessitates the implementation of a collection intensity scoring (CIS) model and a prediction model for interaction on recommended communication channels in order to optimize the collection process. This study evaluates the performance of grid search and Bayesian optimization on random forest (RF) classification models and K-nearest neighbors (KNN) regressor prediction models. RF and KNN regressor algorithms optimization are necessary to enhance their performance in CIS classification and channel recommendation prediction. The research stages follow the cross industry standard process-data mining (CRISP-DM) framework, which consists of business understanding, data understanding, data preparation, modeling, and evaluation. The model performance is assessed by accuracy and mean absolute error (MAE). The results of this study show that Bayesian optimization surpasses grid search, enhancing the accuracy of the RF model to 98.34% and reducing the MAE of the KNN regressor model to 0.24530.
Volume: 23
Issue: 4
Page: 1020-1031
Publish at: 2025-08-01

Prediction and classification of diabetic retinopathy using machine learning techniques

10.11591/ijict.v14i2.pp516-528
Makhlouf Chaouki , Mohamed Ridda Laouar , Abbas Cheddad , Bourougaa Salima , Sean Eom
Diabetic retinopathy (DR) is a progressive and sight-threatening complication of diabetes mellitus, characterized by damage to the blood vessels in the retina. Early detection of DR is vital for timely intervention and effective management to prevent irreversible vision loss. This paper provides a comprehensive review of recent advancements in integrating machine learning (ML) and deep learning (DL) techniques for diagnosing DR, aiming to assist ophthalmologists in their manual diagnostic process. The paper presents a comprehensive definition of DR, elucidating the underlying pathological processes, clinical signs, and the various stages of DR classification, ranging from mild non-proliferative to severe proliferative DR. Integrating ML and DL in DR diagnosis has developed the field by offering automated and efficient methods and techniques to analyze retinal images. With high sensitivity and specificity, these techniques demonstrate their efficacy in accurately identifying DR-related lesions, such as microaneurysms, exudates, and hemorrhages. Furthermore, the paper examines diverse datasets employed in training and evaluating ML and DL models for DR diagnosis. These datasets range from publicly available repositories to specialized datasets curated by medical institutions. The role of large-scale and diverse datasets in enhancing model robustness and generalizability is emphasized.
Volume: 14
Issue: 2
Page: 516-528
Publish at: 2025-08-01
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