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31,377 Article Results

Transformer fault diagnosis using dissolved gas analysis: a hybrid ensemble model with data preprocessing

10.11591/ijpeds.v17.i3.pp1780-1793
Fatima Zohra Boudjella , Souhila Boudjella , Nasiru Yahaya Ahmed , Hazlee Azil Illias , Smail Latifa , Reriballah Hafidha
Failures and guaranteed dependability of the electrical grid, early fault diagnosis in power transformers is essential. By examining gas ratios suggestive of faults, dissolved gas analysis (DGA) continues to be a vital component for transformer health monitoring. Using four preprocessing techniques raw data, min-max normalization, logarithmic transformation, and square root transformation; this study suggests a machine learning method for fault detection using DGA gas ratios (such as CH₄/H₂, C₂H₂/C₂H₄). Random forest (RF), support vector machines (SVM), gradient boosted trees (GBT), and a hybrid RF-GBT model that uses prediction fusion were the four supervised classifiers assessed. Performance was assessed using accuracy, precision, recall, f1-score, and Cohen's kappa. Experimental results show that the hybrid RF-GBT model with logarithmic transformation achieves the highest performance, with 94.93% accuracy and 92.37% Cohen's kappa, significantly outperforming individual classifiers. Data preprocessing, particularly logarithmic and square root transformations, enhances diagnostic robustness by mitigating feature skewness. This study underscores the importance of tailored preprocessing and ensemble methods for reliable transformer fault diagnosis.
Volume: 17
Issue: 3
Page: 1780-1793
Publish at: 2026-09-01

Comparation analysis of SSA and GWO algorithms for maximum power point tracking in standalone solar modules

10.11591/ijpeds.v17.i3.pp1962-1973
Indhana Sudiharto , Mochammad Machmud Rifadil , Muhammad Affid Febriansyah
Solar photovoltaic (PV) systems experience continuous output fluctuations due to changes in solar irradiance and operating temperature, reducing the effectiveness of power extraction. To improve energy harvesting capability, an adaptive maximum power point tracking (MPPT) method is required. This study evaluates the performance of the salp swarm algorithm (SSA) and grey wolf optimization (GWO) for MPPT control in a 100 Wp standalone PV system employing a single-ended primary inductor converter (SEPIC). The analysis focuses on tracking speed, efficiency, and stability under varying environmental conditions. Simulations were carried out in the ALTAIR PSIM Professional 2022.1.0.8 platform with irradiance levels ranging from 200-1000 W/m² and temperatures between 35-55 °C, including dynamic irradiance transitions. The obtained results show that SSA achieved a higher average tracking efficiency of 97.46% with a convergence time of 0.2276 s, while GWO produced 87.94% efficiency and a 0.2512 s convergence time. In addition, SSA demonstrated more stable tracking behavior and lower oscillation during low-irradiance operation. These results indicate that SSA provides better MPPT performance for compact standalone PV applications operating under fluctuating environmental conditions. Future work will involve hardware-based validation and real-time implementation.
Volume: 17
Issue: 3
Page: 1962-1973
Publish at: 2026-09-01

Optimal FOPID control for improved load frequency regulation of a renewable-integrated hybrid power system using the Puma optimizer

10.11591/ijpeds.v17.i3.pp2013-2028
Mitali Samal , Chinmoy Kumar Panigrahi , Deepak Kumar Gupta
This study addresses the challenge of frequency stabilization in a complex two-area hybrid power system subjected to load disturbances. Area 1 comprises thermal, hydro, and wind power generation, while Area 2 integrates thermal, hydro, and gas turbine units, presenting a diverse and realistic system for control strategies. The inherent nonlinearities and varying dynamics of these generation sources, particularly wind power, necessitate a robust and advanced control solution. The proposed Puma optimizer-driven fractional-order proportional-integral-derivative (FOPID) controller is developed to enhance dynamic performance under load disturbances and renewable energy fluctuations. The proposed Puma optimizer-based fractional-order proportional-integral-derivative (PO-FOPID) controller is rigorously validated against a Puma optimizer-based proportional-integral-derivative (PO-PID) controller, a PSO-tuned PID controller, and a PSO-tuned fractional-order PID (PSO-FOPID) controller. The settling time and peak overshoot/undershoot are considered for comparison, while the integral of time multiplied by the absolute error (ITAE) performance index is used as the objective function to be minimized. The findings highlight the potential of combining Puma optimizer with fractional-order control for reliable frequency regulation in modern hybrid power systems.
Volume: 17
Issue: 3
Page: 2013-2028
Publish at: 2026-09-01

Adaptive internal model control-proportional integral for robust control of three-phase active front-end rectifiers

10.11591/ijpeds.v17.i3.pp1794-1807
Azizah Abdul Razak , Norjulia Mohamad Nordin , Razman Ayop , Hazlina Selamat , Abobaker Kikki Abobaker , Nik Rumzi Nik Idris , Tole Sutikno
Three-phase active front-end (AFE) rectifiers are widely deployed in motor drives, electric vehicle chargers, and grid-connected renewable energy systems, where precise DC-link voltage regulation is essential for stable converter operation. In practice, DC-link capacitance degrades over time, and load profiles vary dynamically, both degrading the DC-link voltage regulation performance. Conventional proportional-integral (PI) outer voltage controllers are designed based on nominal operating conditions, with limited stability margins resulting in sluggish or oscillatory DC-link voltage responses under significant load and parameter variations. This paper proposes an adaptive internal model control-proportional integral (AIMC-PI) outer voltage loop controller for a three-phase AFE rectifier. It extends the conventional IMC-PI structure by incorporating an active damping term, an internal feedforward gain, a reference filter, and a Lyapunov-based adaptation law that updates the embedded plant model and IMC filter time constant online ensuring closed-loop stability and bounded tracking error. Simulation results show that AIMC-PI achieves a faster dynamic response than PI and performance comparable to IMC-PI and linear active disturbance rejection control (LADRC) under nominal conditions. As DC-link capacitance degrades to 0.5C, AIMC-PI maintains a well-damped DC-link voltage, whereas LADRC exhibits noticeable oscillations. Experimentally, AIMC-PI successfully eliminates the AC-supply current and DC-link voltage ripples present in fixed-λ IMC-PI.
Volume: 17
Issue: 3
Page: 1794-1807
Publish at: 2026-09-01

FPGA-based hardware-defined phase generation for capacitor-less permanent split capacitor motor operation

10.11591/ijpeds.v17.i3.pp1728-1746
Lertrat Phewngam , Chaiwat Sirawattananon , Anchasa Pramuanjaroenkij
Permanent split capacitor (PSC) motors are widely used due to their simple structure and reliability; however, conventional operation depends on a fixed passive capacitor to generate phase displacement between the main and auxiliary windings, limiting controllability and adaptability. This paper proposes an FPGA-based hardware-defined phase generation architecture for capacitor-less PSC motor operation, where the capacitor phase function is replaced by digitally synthesized phase-displaced excitation signals. The proposed system was implemented on a Tang Nano 4K FPGA using multi-channel PWM generation with hardware-based dead-time protection. Experimental validation was performed on a capacitor-less PSC motor using programmable phase relationships of 60°, 90°, and 120° over excitation frequencies of 20-50 Hz. The measured main and auxiliary winding currents were analyzed to evaluate the effectiveness of the electronically synthesized phase displacement and to reconstruct the resultant rotating magnetic field. Quantitative evaluation using circularity index (CI) and ellipticity ratio (ER) showed that the 90° excitation condition produced the most balanced magnetic field trajectory among the tested configurations. The results demonstrate that FPGA-based hardware-defined phase generation provides a flexible, deterministic, and experimentally validated alternative to conventional capacitor-based PSC motor operation, while future work will focus on closed-loop optimization and efficiency-torque evaluation.
Volume: 17
Issue: 3
Page: 1728-1746
Publish at: 2026-09-01

Design of PI and fuzzy-based sliding mode controller for speed control of BLDC motor using Landsman converter in electric vehicles

10.11591/ijpeds.v17.i3.pp1873-1884
S. Sahana , K. Sasikala
This research paper compares a conventional proportional-integral (PI) controller with a fuzzy-based sliding mode controller (FSMC) for speed control of a brushless DC (BLDC) motor powered by a Landsman DC-DC converter for electric vehicle (EV) applications. MATLAB/Simulink is used to model and simulate the proposed system's cascaded control architecture, which consists of a voltage source inverter and a Landsman converter. The performance is assessed in steady-state, load-disturbance, and transient scenarios. According to simulation data, the FSMC outperforms the PI controller in terms of rise time (0.064 s), overshoot (0.17%), and settling time (0.212 s). The FSMC exhibits better resilience, limiting the speed reduction to 45 RPM with a recovery time of 0.04 s with a sudden load disturbance of 1 Nm. The findings verify that the FSMC is appropriate for high-performance BLDC motor drive systems in electric vehicle applications because it provides improved dynamic response and disturbance rejection.
Volume: 17
Issue: 3
Page: 1873-1884
Publish at: 2026-09-01

Cost-effective and emission-aware dispatch strategy for a smart EV charging parking lot

10.11591/ijpeds.v17.i3.pp1591-1600
O. K. Rajesh , N. Shanmugasundaram , V. Rajendran
The growing adoption of electric vehicles (EVs) necessitates intelligent charging strategies to alleviate grid congestion and control rising operational costs. This study introduces an IoT-enabled centralized energy management framework for a PV-BESS-EV integrated smart parking system, leveraging real-time data on carbon emissions, grid pricing, and solar irradiance. A key innovation is its bi-objective optimization model, which simultaneously minimizes both cost and carbon footprint, setting it apart from traditional single-objective approaches. The study evaluates teaching-learning-based optimization (TLBO) and particle swarm optimization (PSO) for addressing the system’s nonlinear challenges. Results indicate that TLBO offers faster convergence and greater robustness, leading to improved load flattening, enhanced PV utilization, and stable battery energy storage system (BESS) state of charge (SoC). Overall, the framework provides a scalable solution that effectively balances economic and environmental objectives for modern grid-integrated EV charging systems.
Volume: 17
Issue: 3
Page: 1591-1600
Publish at: 2026-09-01

Deep learning-based intelligent islanding detection for grid-connected photovoltaic systems using convolutional neural networks

10.11591/ijpeds.v17.i3.pp1755-1767
Dondapati Ravi Kishore , T. Vijay Muni , K. Venkata Kishore , V. Suresh , S. Saahithi , Thandava Krishna Sai Pandraju , S. N. Chaitra , B. Logeshwary
The increasing integration of photovoltaic (PV) systems into smart grids requires fast and reliable islanding detection to maintain grid stability and operational safety. Conventional detection methods often face challenges such as delayed response, reduced accuracy, and large non-detection zones under varying operating conditions. This paper proposes an intelligent islanding detection method for grid-connected PV systems using advanced artificial intelligence and deep learning techniques. Electrical parameters including voltage, current, frequency, and power signals are analyzed using signal processing methods and classified through a convolutional neural network (CNN) model developed in MATLAB/Simulink. Simulation results demonstrate that the proposed AI-based approach achieves rapid and accurate detection of islanding events with improved sensitivity and reduced false detections compared to conventional techniques. The proposed framework enhances the reliability, safety, and protection performance of modern photovoltaic power systems integrated with smart grids.
Volume: 17
Issue: 3
Page: 1755-1767
Publish at: 2026-09-01

Evaluation of hybrid and standalone learning models for predicting lithium-ion battery capacity degradation

10.11591/ijpeds.v17.i3.pp1581-1590
Shobana Devendiren , A. Muthuraman , M. Vanitha , I. Arul Doss Adaikalam , R. Kalaivani , P. Kavitha
The prediction of lithium-ion battery capacity degradation plays a vital role in ensuring safe and efficient operation in electric mobility and renewable energy applications. This paper evaluates standalone machine learning, deep learning, and hybrid models for battery capacity estimation. The evaluated ML models include random forest, gradient boosting, and extreme gradient boosting (XGBoost), while the DL model employs a multilayer perceptron. The hybrid framework combines DL based feature extraction with ensemble ML regression or classification. A real-world dataset comprising temperature, resistance, reactance, and battery type was preprocessed, scaled, and divided into training and testing subsets. Hyperparameter tuning, k-fold cross-validation, and uncertainty quantification were incorporated to improve reliability and reproducibility. Model performance was assessed using RMSE, MAE, and R² for regression and receiver operating characteristic–area under the curve (ROC-AUC) and F1-score for classification. ROC curves, calibration curves, metric-comparison charts, cycle-wise degradation plots, and residual analyses were used for evaluation. Results demonstrate that the hybrid model outperforms standalone approaches by reducing RMSE and improving calibration, reliability, uncertainty alignment, and interpretability. This also establishes its novelty over existing state of health (SOH) models and highlights future extensions involving LSTM-based temporal modeling and chemistry-adaptive transfer learning. Overall, hybrid modeling provides a promising solution for reliable predictive battery maintenance.
Volume: 17
Issue: 3
Page: 1581-1590
Publish at: 2026-09-01

Optocoupler-based closed-loop hysteresis control for buck converter: experimental results

10.11591/ijpeds.v17.i3.pp1842-1851
David Estrada Grisales , José Ángel Buitrago Gutiérrez , Fredy E. Hoyos
This work experimentally evaluates a simplified closed-loop on-off (hysteresis) controller for a single-phase buck converter using an LM324 comparator and an optocoupler-based gate drive to the IRF830 MOSFET. The controller compares the output voltage against a reference and drives the switch in a binary manner, yielding variable-frequency regulation with low component count. Performance is assessed for DC-DC regulation and dynamic reference tracking under sinusoidal, triangular, and rectangular waveforms at 1 Hz and 60 Hz, as well as under input-voltage droop, load perturbations, and real-time changes in reference waveform. Results show envelope-accurate tracking with fast transients and bounded ripple across all tested conditions, including representative grid-frequency operation. The controller maintains stability and preserves waveform fidelity despite supply and load disturbances; edge transients observed for rectangular references at 60 Hz are consistent with expected output-capacitor dynamics and remain bounded. The findings support the suitability of analogue on-off hysteresis with optocoupler isolation as a low-complexity approach for applications requiring efficient DC-DC conversion and dynamic signal tracking, especially where cost, simplicity, and rapid response are prioritized.
Volume: 17
Issue: 3
Page: 1842-1851
Publish at: 2026-09-01

Real time fuzzy energy management of hybrid storage systems in DC microgrids with dynamic voltage restorer assisted power quality enhancement

10.11591/ijpeds.v17.i3.pp2197-2209
Yacine Benatallah , Abdelkrim Benali , Mabrouk Dahane , Somia Benali
This paper presents a real-time fuzzy logic-based energy management system (EMS) for a hybrid DC microgrid supplying a constant DC load and an AC sensitive load protected by a dynamic voltage restorer (DVR). The system integrates a 25-kW photovoltaic (PV) array, a 10-kW fuel cell (FC), a 15-kW battery energy storage system, and a 396 V supercapacitor bank. The EMS calculates the net power balance (ΔP = PPV - Pload), compares it with the states-of-charge (SoC) of the battery and supercapacitor, and dynamically allocates power references to each source. Fuzzy rules prioritize renewable generation, exploit the supercapacitor for fast transient compensation, and schedule the battery and fuel cell for medium- and long-term power balancing. The DVR acts as a series active power filter, injecting real power during sags and absorbing excess energy during swells, while the EMS maintains DC bus stability under fault conditions. Simulation results demonstrate enhanced DC bus voltage regulation, reduced battery cycling, efficient hydrogen utilization, and rapid recovery from voltage disturbances. The proposed strategy improves power quality and ensures continuous operation of sensitive loads, making it suitable for smart grid and renewable-based microgrid applications.
Volume: 17
Issue: 3
Page: 2197-2209
Publish at: 2026-09-01

TCM-Former: a transformer with temporal convolution for photovoltaic power forecasting

10.11591/ijpeds.v17.i3.pp2127-2148
Sarab Al-Chlaihawi , Mohammed A. T. Alrubei , Faris A. Alhaddad
To tackle the problem of modeling long-term trends and short-term and high-frequency variations in PV time series, a strong and efficient forecasting model of photovoltaic (PV) power generation is advanced. This paper presents STL-TCM-Former, a hybrid model that breaks down the raw PV signal with seasonal-trend decomposition with LOESS (STL) into trend and seasonal components. These elements are after that processed via a dual path encoder decoder transformer architecture that is improved with a temporal convolutional module (TCM). The period (transformer-based) path is used for capturing the global, long-range dependencies in seasonal component and temporal (TCM) path is used to extract the localized, short-term dynamics. Trend component is processed with a dedicated TCM branch, minimizing component interferences and providing a multiscale temporal representation, specific to PV generation patterns. The proposed model was evaluated on the Yulara (Uluru) solar dataset under short-term (60-hour) and long-term (300-hour) forecasting horizons. Compared with benchmark models including LSTM, WOA-LSTM, VMD-LSTM, WOA-VMD-LSTM, and hybrid WOA/VMD/LSTM configurations, STL-TCM-former achieved superior performance with R² = 99.76%, MAPE ≈ 2.24%, RMSE = 16.63, and MAE = 10.36. In addition, the PJM interconnection dataset was also employed to evaluate the generalization capability of the proposed method. The results demonstrate high accuracy, stability, and strong generalization capability under varying environmental conditions.
Volume: 17
Issue: 3
Page: 2127-2148
Publish at: 2026-09-01

A self-lift quadratic boost converter topology for efficient marine propulsion drive systems

10.11591/ijpeds.v17.i3.pp1852-1858
Subbulakshmy Ramamurthi , Dhandapani Meena , Velmurugan Palani , Shobana Devendiran , S. Ganesh Kumaran
This paper proposes a high-gain self-lift quadratic boost converter (SL-QBC) topology tailored for efficient marine propulsion drive systems. The presented converter architecture incorporates a self-lift circuit embedded within a quadratic boost stage to achieve significant voltage gain while maintaining low component stress and high conversion efficiency. Specifically, the converter is capable of boosting a low input voltage of 45 V to a high output voltage of 473 V. The high-voltage output is then fed to the marine propulsion system through a three-phase, three-level neutral point clamped (NPC) inverter, which drives a three-phase induction motor. Designed to interface low-voltage DC sources such as batteries, photovoltaic panels, or fuel cells with high-power marine propulsion motors, the proposed topology offers a compact and cost-effective solution for electric and hybrid marine applications. The self-lift mechanism enhances voltage boosting capability by leveraging additional inductive and capacitive energy transfer paths. The topology ensures continuous current operation, reduced voltage ripple, and improved dynamic response, all of which are critical for smooth and reliable marine drive performance. Simulation results validate the converter’s effectiveness, confirming its potential as a robust and efficient power conditioning stage in next-generation marine energy systems.
Volume: 17
Issue: 3
Page: 1852-1858
Publish at: 2026-09-01

Design and analysis of modified single switch AC-DC bridgeless Cuk converter

10.11591/ijpeds.v17.i3.pp1902-1913
Abdullah Sahib Abdulsada , Hassan Wahhab Salih , Nasir Hussein Selman
The Cuk converter is widely used in power electronics due to its ability to provide both step-up and step-down voltage conversion with low ripple characteristics. However, conventional designs suffer from increased component count, higher losses, and significant voltage stress on switching devices. In this paper, an improved single-switch bridgeless AC-DC Ćuk converter is proposed for power factor correction (PFC) and loss reduction. The proposed topology employs a two-stage integrated structure with two low-value coupling capacitors (1 µF each). These capacitors effectively reduce voltage stress across the main switch and enhance switching performance. The operating principles of the proposed converter are analyzed under different switching conditions, highlighting its improved dynamic behavior and reduced component stress. Simulations using MATLAB/Simulink show that the proposed design achieves high efficiency, very low output voltage ripple (less than 1%), and a near-unity power factor of 0.9988. This performance, particularly the fast dynamic response, was achieved using a specially designed proportional-integral (PI) controller for output voltage regulation. The converter demonstrates fast dynamic response with a settling time of less than 0.23 s and a maximum overshoot of 7.5% under sudden load and input variations. Compared to conventional two-switch topologies, the proposed design significantly reduces switch voltage stress while maintaining a simpler structure, leading to lower cost and compact size. These results confirm that the proposed converter is a promising solution for high power quality applications.
Volume: 17
Issue: 3
Page: 1902-1913
Publish at: 2026-09-01

Optimization of EV battery charging for temperature control

10.11591/ijpeds.v17.i3.pp1601-1609
R. J. Vijaya Saraswathi , Krishnakumar Vengadakrishnan , Vasan Prabhu Veeramani , S. Kamalakkannan
Electric vehicles (EVs) offer a sustainable mode of transportation; however, excessive battery temperature rise during charging degrades performance, limits lifespan, and affects the safe operation of power converters and EV drive systems. To address this problem, a back propagation neural network (BPNN) based temperature prediction model is integrated with four nature-inspired optimization techniques (NIOTs): whale optimization algorithm (WOA), moth flame optimization (MFO), modified particle swarm optimization (MPSO), and grey wolf optimization (GWO), to optimize multi-stage charging current profiles. Among the evaluated methods, WOA achieves the best performance, reducing charging time by approximately 10% (11400 s to 10300 s) and average temperature rise by nearly 50% (3.9 °C to 1.9 °C) compared to the conventional constant current-constant voltage (CC-CV) strategy. The optimized charging currents directly support improved DC-DC converter operation and stable EV drive performance by limiting thermal stress and current transients. Overall, accurate thermal-aware charging enhances charging efficiency, ensures safe converter operation, and contributes to reliable and long-life EV battery and drive system performance.
Volume: 17
Issue: 3
Page: 1601-1609
Publish at: 2026-09-01
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