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31,377 Article Results

Optocoupler-based closed-loop hysteresis control for buck converter: experimental results

10.11591/ijpeds.v17.i3.pp1842-1851
David Estrada Grisales , José Ángel Buitrago Gutiérrez , Fredy E. Hoyos
This work experimentally evaluates a simplified closed-loop on-off (hysteresis) controller for a single-phase buck converter using an LM324 comparator and an optocoupler-based gate drive to the IRF830 MOSFET. The controller compares the output voltage against a reference and drives the switch in a binary manner, yielding variable-frequency regulation with low component count. Performance is assessed for DC-DC regulation and dynamic reference tracking under sinusoidal, triangular, and rectangular waveforms at 1 Hz and 60 Hz, as well as under input-voltage droop, load perturbations, and real-time changes in reference waveform. Results show envelope-accurate tracking with fast transients and bounded ripple across all tested conditions, including representative grid-frequency operation. The controller maintains stability and preserves waveform fidelity despite supply and load disturbances; edge transients observed for rectangular references at 60 Hz are consistent with expected output-capacitor dynamics and remain bounded. The findings support the suitability of analogue on-off hysteresis with optocoupler isolation as a low-complexity approach for applications requiring efficient DC-DC conversion and dynamic signal tracking, especially where cost, simplicity, and rapid response are prioritized.
Volume: 17
Issue: 3
Page: 1842-1851
Publish at: 2026-09-01

Sliding-mode fuzzy logic controller based direct torque control and ripple minimization of induction motors

10.11591/ijpeds.v17.i3.pp1714-1727
S. Sujitha , Hima Bindu Eluri , P. B. Savitha , S. Venkateshwarlu
Conventional direct torque control is one of the most effective strategies for managing the torque of an induction machine (DTC), which is one of the most common types of machines. Instead, the DTC's inadequate control ability is made worse at low speeds by the audible flux and torque waves that are generated by its extremely low switching frequency. This is because the DTC's switching frequency is exceedingly low. In an effort to address these concerns, a variety of direct torque control strategies focused solely on flux and torque as their primary concerns. An improvement in DTC control and the elimination of ripples in induction motors are the goals of this research, which introduces a sliding mode fuzzy logic controller technique. The complexity of the algorithm, sensitivity of the parameters, the tracking speed, the switching loss, and the ripple reduction properties of the technique will all be thoroughly investigated. Simulation of the control mechanism is performed with MATLAB/Simulink in order to verify that it functions as intended.
Volume: 17
Issue: 3
Page: 1714-1727
Publish at: 2026-09-01

Optimal FOPID control for improved load frequency regulation of a renewable-integrated hybrid power system using the Puma optimizer

10.11591/ijpeds.v17.i3.pp2013-2028
Mitali Samal , Chinmoy Kumar Panigrahi , Deepak Kumar Gupta
This study addresses the challenge of frequency stabilization in a complex two-area hybrid power system subjected to load disturbances. Area 1 comprises thermal, hydro, and wind power generation, while Area 2 integrates thermal, hydro, and gas turbine units, presenting a diverse and realistic system for control strategies. The inherent nonlinearities and varying dynamics of these generation sources, particularly wind power, necessitate a robust and advanced control solution. The proposed Puma optimizer-driven fractional-order proportional-integral-derivative (FOPID) controller is developed to enhance dynamic performance under load disturbances and renewable energy fluctuations. The proposed Puma optimizer-based fractional-order proportional-integral-derivative (PO-FOPID) controller is rigorously validated against a Puma optimizer-based proportional-integral-derivative (PO-PID) controller, a PSO-tuned PID controller, and a PSO-tuned fractional-order PID (PSO-FOPID) controller. The settling time and peak overshoot/undershoot are considered for comparison, while the integral of time multiplied by the absolute error (ITAE) performance index is used as the objective function to be minimized. The findings highlight the potential of combining Puma optimizer with fractional-order control for reliable frequency regulation in modern hybrid power systems.
Volume: 17
Issue: 3
Page: 2013-2028
Publish at: 2026-09-01

Adaptive internal model control-proportional integral for robust control of three-phase active front-end rectifiers

10.11591/ijpeds.v17.i3.pp1794-1807
Azizah Abdul Razak , Norjulia Mohamad Nordin , Razman Ayop , Hazlina Selamat , Abobaker Kikki Abobaker , Nik Rumzi Nik Idris , Tole Sutikno
Three-phase active front-end (AFE) rectifiers are widely deployed in motor drives, electric vehicle chargers, and grid-connected renewable energy systems, where precise DC-link voltage regulation is essential for stable converter operation. In practice, DC-link capacitance degrades over time, and load profiles vary dynamically, both degrading the DC-link voltage regulation performance. Conventional proportional-integral (PI) outer voltage controllers are designed based on nominal operating conditions, with limited stability margins resulting in sluggish or oscillatory DC-link voltage responses under significant load and parameter variations. This paper proposes an adaptive internal model control-proportional integral (AIMC-PI) outer voltage loop controller for a three-phase AFE rectifier. It extends the conventional IMC-PI structure by incorporating an active damping term, an internal feedforward gain, a reference filter, and a Lyapunov-based adaptation law that updates the embedded plant model and IMC filter time constant online ensuring closed-loop stability and bounded tracking error. Simulation results show that AIMC-PI achieves a faster dynamic response than PI and performance comparable to IMC-PI and linear active disturbance rejection control (LADRC) under nominal conditions. As DC-link capacitance degrades to 0.5C, AIMC-PI maintains a well-damped DC-link voltage, whereas LADRC exhibits noticeable oscillations. Experimentally, AIMC-PI successfully eliminates the AC-supply current and DC-link voltage ripples present in fixed-λ IMC-PI.
Volume: 17
Issue: 3
Page: 1794-1807
Publish at: 2026-09-01

Intelligent MPC for DFIG wind turbines

10.11591/ijpeds.v17.i3.pp2047-2057
Amira Lakhdara , Tahar Bahi , Amina Azizi , Amina Benabda
This paper presents and evaluates advanced control strategies to enhance power tracking and robustness in doubly fed induction generator systems operating under realistic and perturbed wind conditions. In addition to the conventional field-oriented control, we develop a model predictive control approach that determines the optimal rotor voltage vectors by minimizing a quadratic cost function, as well as a fuzzy-weighted model predictive control in which the cost weight is adjusted online based on the tracking error and its derivative. The dynamic models used accurately represent the key behaviors of the doubly fed induction generator and its rotor-side and grid-side converters. MATLAB/Simulink simulations are carried out using two wind scenarios: a smooth sinusoidal profile and a filtered stochastic profile, while a robustness test introduces variations in rotor parameters during operation. The results demonstrate that the fuzzy-weighted model predictive control achieves faster convergence, lower steady-state error, and improved robustness, all while maintaining reasonable converter effort and acceptable power quality.
Volume: 17
Issue: 3
Page: 2047-2057
Publish at: 2026-09-01

Adaptive forget-gated BiLSTM enhanced by DTW based feature selection in solar PV forecasting

10.11591/ijpeds.v17.i3.pp2086-2100
Are Sambasiva Rao , Kunada Dhana Sree Devi
Growing exhaustion of fuel reserves and their harmful environmental impacts have driven the shift towards the maintenance of renewable energy sources like solar energy. PV systems, however, still face significant challenges while integrating renewable sources into existing utility systems. Particularly, environmental features like temperature, irradiance, and humidity are not perfectly well coordinated with the power output, are always asynchronous in nature, and affect the power prediction considerably. Close observation of energy datasets from many PV plants revealed many intrinsic environmental variables that are highly asynchronous. Many forecasting models learn redundant features which might seem useful, and thereby the test performance is overfitting. To address the nonlinear and asynchronous behavior of environmental variables, there is a serious requirement for intelligent feature selection algorithms guided by both correlation and temporal alignment metrics. This research proposes a novel adaptive dynamic time warping (A-DWT) feature selection with an adaptive forget gate (AFG-BiLSTM) to address the asynchronous issues. Experiments were conducted with varied environmental asynchronous features, and the results of the proposed model were compared with traditional BiLSTM and stacked BiLSTM models. In all the experiments, the proposed model showed decreased error by (94.9%) on Dataset-1 (0.069, 0.0035), by (94.6%) on Dataset-2 (0.078, 0.0042), and by (90.9%) on Dataset-3 (0.069, 0.0061) when compared to stacked BiLSTM. The MSE loss of the proposed method was observed to be between (0.3%) and (11%) on four datasets.
Volume: 17
Issue: 3
Page: 2086-2100
Publish at: 2026-09-01

FPGA-based hardware-defined phase generation for capacitor-less permanent split capacitor motor operation

10.11591/ijpeds.v17.i3.pp1728-1746
Lertrat Phewngam , Chaiwat Sirawattananon , Anchasa Pramuanjaroenkij
Permanent split capacitor (PSC) motors are widely used due to their simple structure and reliability; however, conventional operation depends on a fixed passive capacitor to generate phase displacement between the main and auxiliary windings, limiting controllability and adaptability. This paper proposes an FPGA-based hardware-defined phase generation architecture for capacitor-less PSC motor operation, where the capacitor phase function is replaced by digitally synthesized phase-displaced excitation signals. The proposed system was implemented on a Tang Nano 4K FPGA using multi-channel PWM generation with hardware-based dead-time protection. Experimental validation was performed on a capacitor-less PSC motor using programmable phase relationships of 60°, 90°, and 120° over excitation frequencies of 20-50 Hz. The measured main and auxiliary winding currents were analyzed to evaluate the effectiveness of the electronically synthesized phase displacement and to reconstruct the resultant rotating magnetic field. Quantitative evaluation using circularity index (CI) and ellipticity ratio (ER) showed that the 90° excitation condition produced the most balanced magnetic field trajectory among the tested configurations. The results demonstrate that FPGA-based hardware-defined phase generation provides a flexible, deterministic, and experimentally validated alternative to conventional capacitor-based PSC motor operation, while future work will focus on closed-loop optimization and efficiency-torque evaluation.
Volume: 17
Issue: 3
Page: 1728-1746
Publish at: 2026-09-01

Cost-effective and emission-aware dispatch strategy for a smart EV charging parking lot

10.11591/ijpeds.v17.i3.pp1591-1600
O. K. Rajesh , N. Shanmugasundaram , V. Rajendran
The growing adoption of electric vehicles (EVs) necessitates intelligent charging strategies to alleviate grid congestion and control rising operational costs. This study introduces an IoT-enabled centralized energy management framework for a PV-BESS-EV integrated smart parking system, leveraging real-time data on carbon emissions, grid pricing, and solar irradiance. A key innovation is its bi-objective optimization model, which simultaneously minimizes both cost and carbon footprint, setting it apart from traditional single-objective approaches. The study evaluates teaching-learning-based optimization (TLBO) and particle swarm optimization (PSO) for addressing the system’s nonlinear challenges. Results indicate that TLBO offers faster convergence and greater robustness, leading to improved load flattening, enhanced PV utilization, and stable battery energy storage system (BESS) state of charge (SoC). Overall, the framework provides a scalable solution that effectively balances economic and environmental objectives for modern grid-integrated EV charging systems.
Volume: 17
Issue: 3
Page: 1591-1600
Publish at: 2026-09-01

Real time fuzzy energy management of hybrid storage systems in DC microgrids with dynamic voltage restorer assisted power quality enhancement

10.11591/ijpeds.v17.i3.pp2197-2209
Yacine Benatallah , Abdelkrim Benali , Mabrouk Dahane , Somia Benali
This paper presents a real-time fuzzy logic-based energy management system (EMS) for a hybrid DC microgrid supplying a constant DC load and an AC sensitive load protected by a dynamic voltage restorer (DVR). The system integrates a 25-kW photovoltaic (PV) array, a 10-kW fuel cell (FC), a 15-kW battery energy storage system, and a 396 V supercapacitor bank. The EMS calculates the net power balance (ΔP = PPV - Pload), compares it with the states-of-charge (SoC) of the battery and supercapacitor, and dynamically allocates power references to each source. Fuzzy rules prioritize renewable generation, exploit the supercapacitor for fast transient compensation, and schedule the battery and fuel cell for medium- and long-term power balancing. The DVR acts as a series active power filter, injecting real power during sags and absorbing excess energy during swells, while the EMS maintains DC bus stability under fault conditions. Simulation results demonstrate enhanced DC bus voltage regulation, reduced battery cycling, efficient hydrogen utilization, and rapid recovery from voltage disturbances. The proposed strategy improves power quality and ensures continuous operation of sensitive loads, making it suitable for smart grid and renewable-based microgrid applications.
Volume: 17
Issue: 3
Page: 2197-2209
Publish at: 2026-09-01

Novel improvised satin bowerbird algorithm for speed control and torque ripple minimization for switched reluctance motor

10.11591/ijpeds.v17.i3.pp1659-1674
M. Upanya , S. Rashmi
Switched reluctance motors (SRMs) have gained a lot of popularity for adjustable speed drive systems, cost-effectiveness, and simplicity. Currently, SRMs are widely used in electric vehicles, compressors, and machine tools. In the proposed work, the satin bowerbird (SBB) algorithm is improvised and implemented to determine the optimal turn-off angle (θoff), along with gain parameters for the proportional integral (PI) controller, to regulate the speed and to enhance the torque profile of the SRM. The performance of the SRM drive is tested for 4 different control schemes with different load torque and reference speed. The control schemes are a PI controller with hysteresis current control (HCC), implemented with conventional SBB and improvised SBB (ISBB). The other control scheme is a PI controller with an improved torque sharing function (TSF) and HCC, implemented with conventional SBB and improvised SBB. The TSF used in the control scheme has been improvised with adaptive smoothing and adaptive boosting functions. For the different control schemes tested, ISBB with a PI controller and improvised TSF with HCC has resulted in better speed regulation and a 50% reduction in total harmonic distortion (THD) when compared to the control scheme constituting the conventional SBB algorithm with a PI controller and HCC. The proposed work is extended with the computation of torque rising time (Tr) and torque settling time (TS).
Volume: 17
Issue: 3
Page: 1659-1674
Publish at: 2026-09-01

A self-lift quadratic boost converter topology for efficient marine propulsion drive systems

10.11591/ijpeds.v17.i3.pp1852-1858
Subbulakshmy Ramamurthi , Dhandapani Meena , Velmurugan Palani , Shobana Devendiran , S. Ganesh Kumaran
This paper proposes a high-gain self-lift quadratic boost converter (SL-QBC) topology tailored for efficient marine propulsion drive systems. The presented converter architecture incorporates a self-lift circuit embedded within a quadratic boost stage to achieve significant voltage gain while maintaining low component stress and high conversion efficiency. Specifically, the converter is capable of boosting a low input voltage of 45 V to a high output voltage of 473 V. The high-voltage output is then fed to the marine propulsion system through a three-phase, three-level neutral point clamped (NPC) inverter, which drives a three-phase induction motor. Designed to interface low-voltage DC sources such as batteries, photovoltaic panels, or fuel cells with high-power marine propulsion motors, the proposed topology offers a compact and cost-effective solution for electric and hybrid marine applications. The self-lift mechanism enhances voltage boosting capability by leveraging additional inductive and capacitive energy transfer paths. The topology ensures continuous current operation, reduced voltage ripple, and improved dynamic response, all of which are critical for smooth and reliable marine drive performance. Simulation results validate the converter’s effectiveness, confirming its potential as a robust and efficient power conditioning stage in next-generation marine energy systems.
Volume: 17
Issue: 3
Page: 1852-1858
Publish at: 2026-09-01

Heuristic-based optimization for smart home energy management with renewable integration and energy storage systems

10.11591/ijpeds.v17.i3.pp1747-1754
M. J. Suganya , Y. Sukhi , J. C. Vinitha , J. Sumithra
The rapid growth of energy demand in urban areas emphasizes the necessity of efficient demand-side management (DSM) strategies in smart homes. This study presents a heuristic-based optimization framework for appliance scheduling in smart home environments that incorporates renewable and sustainable energy resources (RSERs) and energy storage systems (ESSs). The objective is to minimize the electricity cost and the peak-to-average ratio (PAR) while satisfying the user comfort constraints. Three optimization techniques, genetic algorithm (GA), binary particle swarm optimization (BPSO), and wind-driven optimization (WDO), are implemented and evaluated in three scenarios: without renewable integration, with RSERs, and with both RSERs and ESSs. Simulation results show that BPSO has the lowest electricity cost and carbon emissions, while WDO has a faster convergence speed and competitive performance in PAR reduction. RSER and ESS integration has a major positive impact on energy efficiency, grid dependence, and sustainability. The results give useful insights to choose appropriate optimization methods and contribute to the development of effective, sustainable, and user-centric smart home energy management systems.
Volume: 17
Issue: 3
Page: 1747-1754
Publish at: 2026-09-01

Evaluation of hybrid and standalone learning models for predicting lithium-ion battery capacity degradation

10.11591/ijpeds.v17.i3.pp1581-1590
Shobana Devendiren , A. Muthuraman , M. Vanitha , I. Arul Doss Adaikalam , R. Kalaivani , P. Kavitha
The prediction of lithium-ion battery capacity degradation plays a vital role in ensuring safe and efficient operation in electric mobility and renewable energy applications. This paper evaluates standalone machine learning, deep learning, and hybrid models for battery capacity estimation. The evaluated ML models include random forest, gradient boosting, and extreme gradient boosting (XGBoost), while the DL model employs a multilayer perceptron. The hybrid framework combines DL based feature extraction with ensemble ML regression or classification. A real-world dataset comprising temperature, resistance, reactance, and battery type was preprocessed, scaled, and divided into training and testing subsets. Hyperparameter tuning, k-fold cross-validation, and uncertainty quantification were incorporated to improve reliability and reproducibility. Model performance was assessed using RMSE, MAE, and R² for regression and receiver operating characteristic–area under the curve (ROC-AUC) and F1-score for classification. ROC curves, calibration curves, metric-comparison charts, cycle-wise degradation plots, and residual analyses were used for evaluation. Results demonstrate that the hybrid model outperforms standalone approaches by reducing RMSE and improving calibration, reliability, uncertainty alignment, and interpretability. This also establishes its novelty over existing state of health (SOH) models and highlights future extensions involving LSTM-based temporal modeling and chemistry-adaptive transfer learning. Overall, hybrid modeling provides a promising solution for reliable predictive battery maintenance.
Volume: 17
Issue: 3
Page: 1581-1590
Publish at: 2026-09-01

Design of PI and fuzzy-based sliding mode controller for speed control of BLDC motor using Landsman converter in electric vehicles

10.11591/ijpeds.v17.i3.pp1873-1884
S. Sahana , K. Sasikala
This research paper compares a conventional proportional-integral (PI) controller with a fuzzy-based sliding mode controller (FSMC) for speed control of a brushless DC (BLDC) motor powered by a Landsman DC-DC converter for electric vehicle (EV) applications. MATLAB/Simulink is used to model and simulate the proposed system's cascaded control architecture, which consists of a voltage source inverter and a Landsman converter. The performance is assessed in steady-state, load-disturbance, and transient scenarios. According to simulation data, the FSMC outperforms the PI controller in terms of rise time (0.064 s), overshoot (0.17%), and settling time (0.212 s). The FSMC exhibits better resilience, limiting the speed reduction to 45 RPM with a recovery time of 0.04 s with a sudden load disturbance of 1 Nm. The findings verify that the FSMC is appropriate for high-performance BLDC motor drive systems in electric vehicle applications because it provides improved dynamic response and disturbance rejection.
Volume: 17
Issue: 3
Page: 1873-1884
Publish at: 2026-09-01

Combination whale optimization algorithm and fuzzy logic for optimal design battery charging LiFePO₄

10.11591/ijpeds.v17.i3.pp1994-2003
Indhana Sudiharto , Mochammad Machmud Rifadil , Ajeng Amelia Veganesa
This research proposes an optimized charging strategy for lithium iron phosphate (LiFePO₄) batteries by integrating the whale optimization algorithm (WOA) with a fuzzy logic controller (FLC) for adaptive constant current-constant voltage charging. The method addresses the limitations of conventional CC-CV charging, which uses fixed parameters and has limited adaptability to changing operating conditions. WOA automatically optimizes the FLC scaling factors to improve control performance and system responsiveness. The WOA-fuzzy and WOA-PI models were trained using 226 samples of initial current and voltage data. The system was evaluated in PSIM by comparing fuzzy, PI, WOA-PI, and WOA-fuzzy controllers. Open-loop simulation produced an average voltage error of 1.29%, confirming the need for closed-loop control. Under SOC conditions ranging from 30% to 97%, all controllers maintained the charging voltage near 73 V and the charging current around 10 A. The average voltage errors were 0.6635% for PI, 0.6684% for fuzzy, 0.6618% for WOA-PI, and 0.6601% for WOA-fuzzy. Hardware testing confirmed these results, with average errors of 0.14% for WOA-fuzzy and 0.31% for WOA-PI. Overall, WOA-fuzzy provides stable charging, faster convergence, and improved charging performance.
Volume: 17
Issue: 3
Page: 1994-2003
Publish at: 2026-09-01
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