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23,540 Article Results

Guidance device for visually impaired people based on ultrasonic signals and open hardware

10.11591/ijres.v13.i3.pp520-527
Ricardo Yauri , Kevin Alvarez , Junior Cotaquispe , Jordy Ynquilla , Oscar Llerena
Visual impairment is a complex challenge that affects people of all ages, and it is estimated that around 2.2 billion people worldwide lack adequate access to medical treatment and support. In Latin America, there is a lack of attention to people with visual disabilities, evidenced by poor urban infrastructure and lack of compliance with inclusion laws. Some projects stand out for the use of prototypes with artificial vision technology, global positioning system (GPS) and smart canes. Therefore, the objective of the project is to use ultrasonic sensors and a low-cost electronic device coupled to canes, for obstacle detection and mobility using an open hardware embedded system. The results confirmed the efficiency in the detection and operation of the ultrasonic sensor by activating the light emitting diode (LED), the buzzer and the vibrating motor according to the programmed distances. Challenges were identified, such as adapting the sensor to the tilt of the cane and the importance of accurate calibration of the ultrasonic sensor. The system met its objectives by detecting objects in a range of 2 to 50 cm and providing sound alerts to improve the perception of blind people.
Volume: 13
Issue: 3
Page: 520-527
Publish at: 2024-11-01

Highly selective filtering power divider using substrate integrated waveguide technique for radar applications

10.11591/ijres.v13.i3.pp643-649
Yogeshkumar Bhadreshbhai Patel , Amrutbhai Narshihbhai Patel
This article exhibits a filtering power divider designed with substrate integrated waveguide (SIW) technique, having the power dividing as well as filtering functionalities. In the design band-pass performance is realized by merging SIW structure having high-pass response and complementary split ring resonator (CSRRs) with parallel tank LC resonant response and the dumbbells shape defected ground structure (DGS) with high out of band rejection characteristics. The anticipated structure serves as both a power divider and a filter, it reduces both the cost and the size of the system. Structure is constructed and tested to confirm the design functionality. The measurement result shows the return loss of -25.94 dB with 3-dB fractional bandwidth of 2.85% at 14 GHz.
Volume: 13
Issue: 3
Page: 643-649
Publish at: 2024-11-01

Reconfigurable data intensive service for low latency cyber-physical systems and IoT communication

10.11591/ijres.v13.i3.pp491-501
Prince Gupta , Rajeev Sharma , Sachi Gupta
The fourth industrial revolution is realized through the many developments in cyber-physical systems (CPS) made possible by the widespread use of the internet of things (IoT). CPS sensor networks must enable mobile and wireless CPSs with their specific flexibility and heterogeneity needs without compromising quality of service (QoS). The research article focuses on reconfigurable data communication hardware for numerous IoT-supporting infrastructures and performance estimation using delay, power, throughput, and packet delivery ratio (PDR) for different IoT node configurations. Tree topology-based network configuration from cloud data to sensor fog organizers, sensor network directors, and IoT-embedded sensors is supported. Functional simulation is performed in iFoGSim, Xilinx ISE, and Modelsim 10.0 with a maximum of 64 variable nodes programmed for data communication and interplay verification with a minimum delay of 9.1 ns, maximum frequency of 319 MHz, power of 7.5 mW, throughput of 0.280, and maximum PDR=1. The simulation is applicable for fog computing and CPS processed from different alters in specific topologies.
Volume: 13
Issue: 3
Page: 491-501
Publish at: 2024-11-01

Comparative study of password storing using hash function with MD5, SHA1, SHA2, and SHA3 algorithm

10.11591/ijres.v13.i3.pp502-511
Parinya Natho , Suwit Somsuphaprungyos , Salinun Boonmee , Sangtong Boonying
The main purpose of passwords is to prevent unauthorized people from accessing the system. The rise in internet users has led to an increase in password hacking, which has resulted in a variety of problems. These issues include opponents stealing a company's or nation's private information and harming the economy or the organization's security. Password hacking is a common tool used by hackers for illegal purposes. Password security against hackers is essential. There are several ways to hack passwords, including traffic interception, social engineering, credential stuffing, and password spraying. In an attempt to prevent hacking, hashing algorithms are therefore mostly employed to hash passwords, making password cracking more difficult. In the suggested work, several hashing techniques, including message digest (MD5), secure hash algorithms (SHA1, SHA2, and SHA3) have been used. They have become vulnerable as a result of being used to store passwords. A rainbow table attack is conceivable. Passwords produced with different hash algorithms can have their hash values attacked with the help of the Hashcat program. It is proven that the SHA3 algorithm can help with more secure password storage when compared to other algorithms.
Volume: 13
Issue: 3
Page: 502-511
Publish at: 2024-11-01

A novel smart irrigation framework with timing allocation using solenoid valves and Arduino microcontroller

10.11591/ijres.v13.i3.pp758-766
Vijaya Kumar Hemapura Ramakrishnaiah , Harish Lakshmappa , Bharathi Gururaj , Ramesha Muniyappa , Pavan Godekere Siddaramaiah , Nagesh Hunnigere Bylamurthy
Irrigation in agriculture is the most common way of providing water to agricultural land or fields at normal stretches through channels and embedded platforms with the internet of things (IoT), to upgrade rural development. In this paper, the arrangement of the various types of irrigation systems and embedded platforms for agriculture was studied. The embedded platform can be designed in a suitable framework that can assist the irrigation system in growing more water-required crops. In this work, three relay switches, two solenoid valves, and one water pump source were connected to Arduino ESP32. The free version of Sinric Google Cloud was utilized significantly to control three devices namely, two solenoid valves using two relay switches and a water pump source using one relay switch. The experiment was executed in a prototype manner with timing allocation by considering two agricultural fields where water was supplied either in one field at a time and showed more prominent results to save time, replacement of manual valves, man intervention, power, and suitable quantity of water for more water-required crops namely, arecanut and coconut.
Volume: 13
Issue: 3
Page: 758-766
Publish at: 2024-11-01

Robust embedded access control system based on face and encrypted QR with RPi4

10.11591/ijres.v13.i3.pp586-594
Samir Marwan Hammami , Muhammad Alhammami
Facial-based recognition systems are commonly used for building access control, with the accuracy and computing requirements still being improved. On the other hand, QR codes are gaining rising attention as an input interface to many embedded applications. This paper proposes an embedded access control system that customises both previous techniques to be implemented on the CPU of a low-cost Raspberry Pi 4 computer. The achieved system works smoothly with a frame rate of 8.27 FPS, increasing the accessing control's robustness compared to a system based on face recognition only. It also offers the ability to control the access of unknown faces. In tandem with integration, this strengthens security measures, improves user experience, and outperforms conventional access control approaches, creating an attractive offer for many businesses.
Volume: 13
Issue: 3
Page: 586-594
Publish at: 2024-11-01

Precision medicine in hepatology: harnessing IoT and machine learning for personalized liver disease stage prediction

10.11591/ijres.v13.i3.pp724-734
Satyaprakash Swain , Mihir Narayan Mohanty , Binod Kumar Pattanayak
In this research, we used a dataset from Siksha ‘O’ Anusandhan (S’O’A) University Medical Laboratory containing 6,780 samples collected manually and through internet of things (IoT) sensor sources from 6,780 patients to perform a thorough investigation into liver disease stage prediction. The dataset was carefully cleaned before being sent to the machine learning pipeline. We utilised a range of machine learning models, such as Naïve Bayes (NB), sequential minimal optimisation (SMO), K-STAR, random forest (RF), and multi-class classification (MCC), using Python to predict the stages of liver disease. The results of our simulations demonstrated how well the SMO model performed in comparison to other models. We then expanded our analysis using different machine learning boosting models with SMO as the base model: adaptive boosting (AdaBoost), gradient boost, extreme gradient boosting (XGBoost), CatBoost, and light gradient boosting model (LightGBM). Surprisingly, gradient boost proved to be the most successful, producing an astounding 96% accuracy. A closer look at the data showed that when AdaBoost was combined with the SMO base model, the accuracy results were 94.10%, XGBoost 90%, CatBoost 92%, and LightGBM 94%. These results highlight the effectiveness of proposed model i.e. gradient boosting in improving the prediction of liver disease stage and provide insightful information for improving clinical decision support systems in the field of medical diagnostics.
Volume: 13
Issue: 3
Page: 724-734
Publish at: 2024-11-01

An active two-stage class-J power amplifier design for smart grid’s 5G wireless networks

10.11591/ijres.v13.i3.pp625-642
Nagisetty Sridhar , Chinnaiyan Senthilpari , Mardeni Roslee , Wong Hin Yong
The wireless communication networks in the smart grid’s advanced metering infrastructure (AMI) applications need 5G technology to support large data transmission efficiently. As the 5G wireless communication network’s overall bandwidth (BW) and efficiency depend on its power amplifier (PA), in this work, a two-stage class-J power amplifier’s design methodology that operates at 3.5 GHz centre frequency by utilizing the CGH40010F model gallium nitride (GaN) transistor is presented. The proposed design methodology involves proper designing of input, output, and interstage matching networks to achieve class-J operation with improved power gain over desired BW using the advanced design system (ADS) electronic design automation (EDA) tool and estimating its integration feasibility through active element-based design approach using the Mentor Graphics EDA tool. The proposed PA provides 54% drain efficiency (D.E), 53% power added efficiency (PAE) with a small signal gain of 27 dB at 3.5 GHz and 41 dBm power output with 21 dB of improved power gain across a BW of around 400 MHz using 28 V power supply into 50 Ω load. By replacing the two-stage PA's passive elements with active elements, its layout size is estimated to be (15.5×29.2) μm2 . The results of the proposed PA exhibit its integration feasibility and suitability for the smart grid’s 5G wireless networks.
Volume: 13
Issue: 3
Page: 625-642
Publish at: 2024-11-01

Mutual information-MOORA based feature weighting on naive bayes classifier for stunting data

10.11591/ijeecs.v36.i2.pp972-982
Citra Nurina Prabiantissa , Maftahatul Hakimah , Nanang Fakhrur Rozi , Ira Puspitasari , Laura Navika Yamani , Victoria Lucky Mahendra
One effort to reduce stunting rates is to predict stunting status early in toddlers. This study applies Naive Bayes (NB) to build a stunting prediction model because it is simple and easy to use. This study proposes a filter-based feature weighting technique to overcome the NB assumption, which states that each feature has the same contribution to the target. The frequency of an event in a dataset influences the feature weighting using mutual information criteria. This is the gap in the filter-based ranking highlighted in this study. Therefore, this study proposes a feature-weighting method that combines mutual information with the MOORA (MI-MOORA) decision-making method. This technique makes it possible to include external factors as criteria for ranking important features. For stunting cases, the external consideration for ranking purposes is the assessment of nutrition experts based on their experience in dealing with stunted toddlers. The MI-MOORA technique makes the availability of clean water the most influential feature that contributes to the stunting status. In the ten best features, the MI-MOORA ranking results are dominated by family factors. Based on the performance evaluation results of NB and other classifiers, MI-MOORA can improve the performance of stunt prediction models.
Volume: 36
Issue: 2
Page: 972-982
Publish at: 2024-11-01

Enhancing stress detection in wearable IoT devices using federated learning and LSTM based hybrid model

10.11591/ijeecs.v36.i2.pp1301-1308
Naoual Mouhni , Ibtissam Amalou , Sana Chakri , Mohamedou Cheikh Tourad , Mohamed Chakraoui , Abdelmounaim Abdali
In the domain of smart health devices, the accurate detection of physical indicators levels plays a crucial role in enhancing safety and well-being. This paper introduces a cross device federated learning framework using hybrid deep learning model. Specifically, the paper presents a comprehensive comparison of different combination of long short-term memory (LSTM), gated recurrent unit (GRU), convolutional neural network (CNN), random forest (RF), and extreme gradient boosting (XGBoost), in order to forecast stress levels by utilizing time series information derived from wearable smart gadgets. The LSTM-RF model demonstrated the highest level of accuracy, achieving 93.53% for user 1, 99.40% for user 2, and 97.88% for user 3. Similarly, the LSTM-XGBoost model yielded favorable outcomes, with accuracy rates of 85.88%, 98.55%, and 92.02% for users 1, 2, and 3, respectively. These findings highlight the efficacy of federated learning and the utilization of hybrid models in stress detection. Unlike traditional centralized learning paradigms, the presented federated approach ensures privacy preservation and reduces data transmission requirements by processing data locally on Edge devices.
Volume: 36
Issue: 2
Page: 1301-1308
Publish at: 2024-11-01

Design of IoT-based monitoring system for temperature and dissolved oxygen levels in catfish aquaculture pond water

10.11591/ijres.v13.i3.pp687-698
Nurma Sari , Yuniar Savitri , Sri Cahyo Wahyono , Joko Santoso , Amar Vijai Nasrulloh
One of the fish in Indonesian waters that has been successfully bred and cultivated is the catfish (Pangasius sp.). In catfish farming, there are several water quality factors that need to be considered, such as temperature and dissolved oxygen levels. Based on the existing description, it is very important to pay attention to the water quality of aquaculture ponds, especially temperature and dissolved oxygen levels for fish survival. This study aims to create an internet of things (IoT) based monitoring system for temperature and dissolved oxygen levels in catfish aquaculture pond water based on NodeMCU ESP8266. Monitoring system is using SEN0237 gravity analog dissolved oxygen sensor, DS18B20 sensor module, NodeMCU ESP8266, 20×4-character liquid-crystal display (LCD), micro secure digital (SD) card module, internet modem. Data from measurements of temperature and dissolved oxygen levels are stored online in the Adafruit.io database in the .csv format and on a micro secure digital (SD) card in the device in the .txt format. The lowest value of dissolved oxygen levels and temperature are 3.4 mg/L or 3.4 ppm and a temperature of 27.9 °C, respectively. Meanwhile, the highest value of dissolved oxygen levels and temperature are 4.6 mg/L or 4.6 ppm and temperature of 30.9 °C, respectively.
Volume: 13
Issue: 3
Page: 687-698
Publish at: 2024-11-01

Timing issues on power side-channel leakage of advanced encryption standard circuits designed by high-level synthesis

10.11591/ijres.v13.i3.pp616-624
Yuto Miura , Hiroki Nishikawa , Xiangbo Kong , Hiroyuki Tomiyama
In recent years, field programmable gate array (FPGA) have been used in many internet of things (IoT) devices and are equipped with cryptographic circuits to ensure security. However, they are exposed to the risk of cryptographic keys being stolen by side-channel attacks. Countermeasures against side-channel attacks have been developed, but they are becoming more of a threat to IoT devices due to the diversity of attacks. Therefore, it is necessary to understand the basic characteristics of side-channel attacks. Therefore, this study clarifies the relationship between two timing issues, the clock period of the circuit and the power sampling interval, and the amount of side-channel leakage. We design seven advanced encryption standard (AES) circuits with different clock periods and conduct empirical experiments using logic simulations to clarify the correlation between the two timings and the amount of side-channel leakage. T-test is used to evaluate the leakage amount, which is evaluated based on four metrics. From the results, we argue that the clock period and sampling interval do not interfere with each other in the side-channel leakage amount.
Volume: 13
Issue: 3
Page: 616-624
Publish at: 2024-11-01

Arowana cultivation water quality monitoring and prediction using autoregressive integrated moving average

10.11591/ijres.v13.i3.pp665-673
April Firman Daru , Susanto Susanto , Whisnumurti Adhiwibowo
Decorative fish is a fish that humans keep for amusement. There are many decorative fish that exist in this world, one of them is known as the Arowana fish (Scleropages Formosus). This fish is known around Asia including in Indonesia. However, to ensure the Arowana is living well is not easy. The water quality inside a farm must follow a strict balance. The pH of the water must not exceed or below 7 pH. Meanwhile, the total dissolved solid (TDS) salt must not exceed 1000 parts per million. If the balance collapsed, the Arowana fish will not grow. Thus, the owner must monitor the water to make sure that the water is ideal. There were many approaches including internet of things (IoT) solutions. However, they have weaknesses with prediction. Because of this reason, this study designed pH and TDS monitoring with autoregressive integrated moving average (ARIMA) as the algorithm. To achieve the solution, this study used experiment methodology as the research fundamental from top to bottom. According to the evaluation, this study found that the accuracy of ARIMA model is 98.12% for pH and 98.86% for TDS. On the contrary, the seasonal autoregressive integrated moving average (SARIMA) model has an accuracy of 98.52% for pH and 99.89% for TDS.
Volume: 13
Issue: 3
Page: 665-673
Publish at: 2024-11-01

Comparing feature usage in IMU-based gesture control for omnidirectional robot via wearable glove

10.11591/ijres.v13.i3.pp542-551
Dahnial Syauqy , Eko Setiawan , Edita Rosana Widasari
To improve the intuitiveness of maneuver control on omniwheeled mobile robot, many hand gesture-based robot controls have been developed. The focus of this research is to develop a wearable system for data acquisition from inertial measurement unit (IMU) sensors and compare its features to be used as gesture recognition using the random forest algorithm. With the need of resource constrained device for wearable system based on microcontrollers, we compared the use of Euler and quaternion-based orientation data as input features. As additional comparison, dimension reduction was also carried out using the principal component analysis (PCA) method. Hand gestures are recognized using data obtained by the IMU sensor embedded in the wearable glove. This study compared the accuracy and size of library files embedded in microcontrollers in several feature usage scenarios. The test evaluation results of all scenarios show that the use of all features provides a balance between high accuracy but small file sizes, respectively 99% and 9.2 KB. However, the use of other fewer features, such as by only using 3 Euler data, 4 quaternion data, or by using PCA algorithm (PC=3) can also be used since the accuracy is still above 90%, with a relatively larger file size.
Volume: 13
Issue: 3
Page: 542-551
Publish at: 2024-11-01

Embedded systems as programmable square wave generator in wireless power transfer

10.11591/ijres.v13.i3.pp568-576
Sabriansyah Rizqika Akbar , Eko Setiawan , Achmad Basuki
This study focuses on the design and development of programmable frequency generator using embedded devices that are able to produce square wave signals in the wireless power transfer (WPT) transmitter. We validate the accuracy of the output signal by measuring distance error. We validate that our system can change and sweep the frequency and produce high power by measuring the absorbed power in the load. We conduct the frequency sweep analysis to find optimal frequency and the frequency splitting phenomenon. The experiments show that the system can produce and sweep the square wave signals with less than 1% error. We also find that the frequency splitting occurred when distance among two coils in the range 0.5-6.5 cm and the splitting disappeared when the distance is above 7.5 cm. The frequency splitting shows that the measured optimum frequency differs from the calculation. The difference confirms that the programmable frequency generator is needed to adjust the frequency that can transfer maximum power to the load.
Volume: 13
Issue: 3
Page: 568-576
Publish at: 2024-11-01
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